The
carbonated water splashed out of the bottle as he opened it.
当他打开瓶子时，碳酸水溅了出来。
The soda had a fizzy texture due to the presence of carbon dioxide.
这瓶苏打水因为二氧化碳的存在而有气泡感。
The baking soda reacts with vinegar to produce carbon dioxide gas.
烘焙小苏打与醋反应会产生二氧化碳气体。
The
carbonates in the soil help plants absorb nutrients.
土壤中的碳酸盐有助于植物吸收养分。
Limestone, a sedimentary rock, is composed primarily of calcium
carbonate.
石灰岩主要由碳酸钙组成，是一种沉积岩。
Carbonate rocks can be dissolved by acidic rainwater over time.
随着时间的推移，酸性雨水会溶解碳酸岩石。
The formation of limestone caves is due to the dissolution of calcium
carbonate by water.
石灰岩洞穴的形成是由于水对碳酸钙的溶解作用。
The geologist analyzed the fossilized shells to determine the types of
carbonates they were formed from.
地质学家分析了化石贝壳，以确定它们是由何种碳酸盐形成的。
Carbonates play a crucial role in ocean chemistry and pH balance.
碳酸盐在海洋化学和pH值平衡中起着关键作用。
The carbonation process in soft drinks involves the addition of CO2 under pressure.
软饮料中的碳酸化过程涉及在高压下添加二氧化碳。
Located in Jujuy, Argentina, the project has total resources of approximately 24.58 million metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE), making it one of the world's largest lithium extraction projects from salt lakes.
该项目位于阿根廷Jujuy，总资源约2458万公吨碳酸锂当量（LCE），是世界上最大的盐湖提锂项目之一。
With subsequent capacity ramping up and the optimization of production lines, the project will gradually produce battery-grade lithium carbonate products, the company said.
该公司表示，随着后续产能的提升和生产线的优化，该项目将逐步生产电池级碳酸锂产品。
In addition to the Mero field, which is also the third-largest ultra-deepwater pre-salt oilfield in the world that boasts high-quality and high-yield carbonate reservoirs, the company also has a 5 percent stake in the Buzios field in the Santos Basin pre-salt area with an annual production capacity exceeding 3 million metric tons, he said.
他说，除了Mero油田，该油田也是世界上第三大超深水盐前油田，拥有高质量和高产的碳酸盐岩储层，该公司还持有桑托斯盆地盐前区Buzios油田5%的股份，该油田的年产能超过300万公吨。
A research report from CITIC Securities said domestic lithium carbonate demand for NEVs and energy storage will reach 600,000 tons by 2025, with investment in production lines for lithium extraction from salt lakes expected to reach 10 billion yuan.
中信证券的一份研究报告称，到2025年，国内新能源汽车和储能的碳酸锂需求将达到60万吨，盐湖提锂生产线的投资预计将达到100亿元。
According to Sunresin, nine production lines related to lithium extraction from salt lakes have been completed or are under construction so far, with a total capacity of 73,000 tons of lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide and a contractual value of more than 2.5 billion yuan.
据Sunresin介绍，截至目前，已有9条盐湖提锂相关生产线已建成或在建，总产能7.3万吨碳酸锂和氢氧化锂，合同价值超过25亿元。
The company signed an agreement in January with Yongxing Materials to establish a joint venture to build a lithium carbonate factory.
该公司于1月与永兴材料签署了一项协议，成立一家合资公司，建设一家碳酸锂工厂。
The project, with an investment of 2.5 billion yuan ($400 million), is expected to produce 50,000 tons of lithium carbonate annually, sources at CATL said.
CATL消息人士称，该项目投资25亿元人民币（4亿美元），预计每年生产5万吨碳酸锂。
"We are confident that together with Zijin's strong financial resources and mining know-how, we will develop this excellent asset into one of the world's leading lithium carbonate producing mines," Chen said.
陈表示：“我们相信，借助紫金矿业强大的财务资源和采矿专业知识，我们将把这个优秀的资产开发成为世界领先的锂碳酸盐生产矿山之一。”
The history of chalk manufacturing in Liuyuan village dates back to the 1980s when the village was discovered to have an abundance of calcium carbonate, the then major ingredient of chalk.
The mining company, which has already gained a foothold in Central Asia, will launch a lithium carbonate mining project in the Argentine province next year.
It will have an annual capacity of 50,000 tons of lithium carbonate products.
Lithium carbonate is a vital ingredient used in electric vehicle batteries.
The recent surge of electric vehicle sales in the world, especially in China, has caused spot prices for lithium carbonate in China to soar 170 percent year-on-year to 142,000 yuan ($22,000) a ton this year, their highest since April 2018, a Reuters report said.
It could be one of the largest lithium carbonate projects in the world when completed, Zhang Jieyuan, vice-president of Tibet Summit, told China Daily at the signing ceremony.
Experts said a supply surplus in the lithium carbonate industry drove down prices of raw materials, benefiting battery makers and buoying the EV sector.
The average price of battery-grade lithium carbonate in China dropped to 132,500 yuan ($18,595) per metric ton on Thursday, about 1,500 yuan per ton lower than the previous day, said commodity data tracker Mysteel.
It came after a drop of 2,000 yuan per ton to 134,000 yuan for per-ton battery-grade lithium carbonate on Nov 29, Mysteel said.
Further efforts will also be made to promote the progress of major projects from battery giants like Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd and Gotion High-tech, to further expand the production capacity of lithium carbonate, battery materials and batteries.
In 2020, nearly 80 percent of the world's lithium carbonate exports came from the region, while the region's iron ore contributed around a quarter.
Global demand for lithium is expected to rise from 500,000 metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalent in 2021 to some 3 million tons to 4 million tons in 2030, McKinsey said.
Together with Tesla's price reduction moves, high lithium carbonate prices and growing demand for high-end chips, Chinese carmakers need to take effective measures to lower operational costs and speed up innovation activities this year, he said, noting that NEV sales may fall during the first two months of this year compared with the same period last year because of the withdrawal of subsidies that were first introduced in 2009.
Li Xiaobing, head of a calcium company in Wuxiang, has for over a decade witnessed the company transforming its business from quarrying to producing nano calcium carbonate -- a new material.
"It can be used as raw material for making paper, plastic, and rubber," Li Xiaobing said, adding that the first phase of a nano calcium carbonate production line with an annual output of 50,000 tons will be put into operation at the end of this year.
Lithium carbonate prices in China rose slightly to 479,500 yuan per metric ton in mid-August, remaining close to the record-high of 500,000 yuan from March and 400 percent higher year-on-year, said Trading Economics.
Lithium is expected to see its demand rise from 500,000 tons of lithium carbonate equivalent in 2021 on a global scale to some 3 million to 4 million tons in 2030, McKinsey said.
Australia is the world's biggest lithium producer, while China is home to 60 percent of global lithium refining, transforming the metal into carbonate or lithium hydroxide.
At the State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization at Zhejiang University, Gao and his colleagues have been testing sample packets like coal, fly ash and calcium carbonate from coal-fired power plants across China in order to find the best solution.
The analysis comes after China's Ministry of Finance announced in December it would slash import tariffs on lithium carbonate and cobalt sulfate from 5 percent to 2 percent, and cut tariffs on many other raw materials by 3 to 5 percent.
"The (investment) trend is a response to declining profitability of lithium companies, driven by factors such as the decreasing price of industrial-grade lithium carbonate, slowing demand growth in the NEV sector, and inventory adjustments throughout the supply chain," said Lin Boqiang, head of the China Institute for Studies in Energy Policy at Xiamen University.
Lin said NEV manufacturers are aware that while lithium resources are abundant, the mining and production of lithium carbonate and other lithium salts typically require a 5-8 year cycle.
"Due to the consistently high prices of lithium carbonate, the economical benefits of recycling, disassembling and reusing lithium iron phosphate batteries have gradually become evident," said Lin Boqiang, head of the China Institute for Studies in Energy Policy at Xiamen University.
Data from Mysteel Group, a Shanghai-based commodity service provider, showed that the price of battery-grade lithium carbonate reached about 515,000 yuan per metric ton on Tuesday, approaching a record high of 517,000 yuan per ton in March.
Companies keen to secure raw materials to supply surging market demandDriven by the surging demand for new energy vehicles and efficient power storage gear－generated by the fast development of 5G base stations and data centers－from both global and home markets, China's lithium battery manufacturers are rushing to expand their factory capacities and seeking ways to secure material supplies of lithium carbonate.
Statistics from 100PPI, a Chinese company that tracks bulk commodity prices, show that battery-grade lithium carbonate was priced at 480,000-522,000 yuan per metric ton on Thursday, almost 10 times its price in 2021.
Seaborne lithium carbonate prices have surged 413 percent from the start of 2021 to Dec 14, while lithium hydroxide prices have climbed 254 percent over the same period, it added.
As a result, lithium carbonate and other lithium salts are highly dependent on imports.
In addition, Chinese battery suppliers have raised prices, spurred by a continuous price surge in raw materials, such as lithium carbonate, and soaring demand for NEVs.
At present, lithium carbonate and other lithium salts are highly dependent on imports.
Prospect Lithium Zimbabwe owns Arcadia, a Zimbabwean lithium mine reportedly having reserves of 1.24 million metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalent as of October.
Lithium carbonate's main industrial use is to produce rechargeable batteries for NEVs.
It is one of the world's largest lithium projects with an estimated reserve of 8.82 million tons of lithium carbonate equivalents.
It is among the world's largest lithium projects with an estimated reserve of 8.82 million metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalents.
Lithium carbonate imports jumped 193.5 percent month-on-month to 10,476 tons in October, according to Customs data.
The S&P Global Platts report showed that prices of lithium carbonate have risen 238.3 percent since the beginning of this year to Nov 19, and hydroxide prices jumped 252.8 percent in the same period.
Within a year, the price for lithium carbonate has more than doubled, explains Caspar Rawles, head of price and data analysis at BMI.
The project, in which Ganfeng has a 51 percent stake, will produce 40,000 metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalents per year and is scheduled to begin production in the first half of next year.
The company's main asset is the Sonora project in Mexico, which is among the world's largest projects for the mining of lithium clays with estimated reserves of 8.82 million tons of lithium carbonate equivalents.
Growth has sparked a surge for lithium supplies at home and abroad, as lithium carbonate is used to power most electric cars.
China's first batch of lithium carbonate futures started trading on Friday at the Guangzhou Futures Exchange, making it the fourth exchange worldwide to offer such contracts.
Lithium carbonate is a core raw material for batteries used in areas such as electric vehicles and energy storage.
According to Shanghai Metals Market, an online metals' information provider, the price of lithium carbonate was on a roller-coaster ride in recent years.
The Guangzhou Futures Exchange (GFE) announced on Tuesday the approval of contracts and trading details of lithium carbonate futures and options, which experts said will provide a much-needed guarantee for stable prices and contribute to the industry's sustainable development.
The introduction of these trading instruments will also encourage lithium carbonate producers to expand production and global cooperation, as they can help hedge against risks and ensure stable business operations, they added.
The move came after the China Securities Regulatory Commission greenlighted the registration of lithium carbonate futures and options on the GFE, which was announced on Friday.
Lithium carbonate is a lithium salt product with extensive downstream applications.
Shanghai Metals Market, an online information provider, said the price of lithium carbonate was around 280,000 yuan ($38,873) per metric ton at the beginning of 2022.
Shanghai Securities News reported that in recent years, spot prices for lithium carbonate have taken a rollercoaster ride with a volatility range of 418.87 percent in 2021.
The significant fluctuations in lithium carbonate prices have led companies in the sector to urgently seek risk-hedging tools.
GFE said that the introduction of lithium carbonate futures and options can provide a guarantee of price stability for mining enterprises and secure their future profitability.
Liang Chuting, assistant manager of commodities at GFE, said that lithium carbonate futures can provide price references for companies' production and purchasing decisions.
Several enterprises, including Ganfeng Lithium, announced in statements that they would apply for warehouses designated by GFE for lithium carbonate trading.
EV battery maker Sunwoda Electronic said that futures, options and other trading tools for lithium carbonate can effectively hedge against risks faced by enterprises and help them achieve stable and robust operations.
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