It benefits
civilians more than the military.
它对平民的好处大于对军队的好处。
He resigned his commission to take up a
civilian job.
他辞去军职而从事平民工作.
A
civilian was killed.
一个平民被打死。
Xiaomi Corp said on Friday that it strongly opposed the Ukrainian government's decision to place it on their so-called list of "international sponsors of war", adding that it only provides civilian smartphones and home appliances.
小米公司周五表示，强烈反对乌克兰政府将其列入所谓的“国际战争赞助者”名单，并补充称，小米只提供民用智能手机和家用电器。
Airbus' annual delivery of civilian aircraft to the Chinese market accounts for some one-fifth of its global total.
空客每年向中国市场交付的民用飞机约占其全球总交付量的五分之一。
It is also working on other innovation projects to actively explore more civilian uses for nuclear energy.
它还致力于其他创新项目，以积极探索核能的更多民用用途。
The company is a manufacturer of natural latex weather balloons for civilian use, and it is not involved in military production, said Sinochem.
中化集团表示，该公司是一家民用天然乳胶气象气球制造商，不参与军事生产。
The company, which was set up in 2007, is mainly engaged in the research and development, design, production and sales of civilian drones and hand-held camera gimbals — devices that allow a camera or smartphone to incline freely in any direction or that suspend it so it will remain level when its support is tipped — as well as sports and healthcare devices.
该公司成立于2007年，主要从事民用无人机和手持相机万向节的研发、设计、生产和销售，以及体育和医疗设备。
Supported by all these resources, he said the company will focus on developing luxury cruise ships, deep-sea fish farms and solutions, liquefied natural gas or LNG carriers, and other high value-added civilian vessels to stay competitive during China's 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-25).
Third, it facilitates the application of military technology to civilian use and the form of a virtuous cycle of technology conversion into products guided by market demand.
Besides international trade and real estate, Poly Group has a presence in light manufacturing, raw material production, civilian explosive production, information and communication technology development, silk-related industries, financial services and other segments.
"The company's services and products are all for civilian and commercial end uses, and are not involved in any military application," SMIC said, adding that the listing has no major impact on its operations.
According to a new rule released by the US Department of Commerce in late April, licenses will be needed for US companies to sell certain items, including semiconductors, to Chinese companies that Washington thinks have ties to the military, even if the products are meant for civilian use.
It also vowed to ensure civilian power supplies, promising not to cut off electricity to households in arrears during the outbreak.
It also aims to ensure civilian power supplies, promising not to cut off electricity supply to households due to arrears during the outbreak.
In addition to military products, the company also has strong research and production capabilities with regard to civilian ships such as liquefied natural gas container vessels and very large cargo carriers, it said.
The group to date has more than 90,000 employees and runs businesses in a number of areas including international trade, real estate development, manufacturing and engineering services, culture and arts business, civilian explosive materials and blasting services, and financial services.
The group to date has over 90,000 employees and runs businesses in a number of areas including international trade, real estate development, manufacturing and engineering services, culture and arts business, civilian explosive materials, and blasting service and finance services.
"Our high-tech products based on nuclear technologies are increasingly being used in civilian markets," he said, adding that the institute is currently developing a 230 million electron volt superconducting cyclotron.
To better integrate its civilian and military businesses, Hu said the group will accelerate the cultivation and expansion of civil-military integration industry focusing on the strategic direction of national energy security, maritime defense, marine leisure tourism and ecological protection, as well as develop technologies and products in other fields including clean energy, smart ocean network, intelligent equipment, new materials, internet of things and low-altitude navigation.
Consulting firm iResearch forecast the value of the domestic civilian drone market will reach more than 75 billion yuan ($10.8 billion) by 2025, and drones for aerial photography and entertainment are expected to create a 30 billion yuan market.
It is also responsible for developing noses of China's major civilian airplane models, such as the ARJ21, C919, and AG600 large amphibious aircraft.
"The CR929 project is perhaps the key area of cooperation between China and Russia in the civilian sector.
Meanwhile, China has become Airbus Helicopters' biggest civilian market in terms of annual orders, exceeding the United States.
Through its 16 overseas subsidiaries, JinkoSolar provides photovoltaic power services to both industrial and civilian sectors in more than 80 countries and regions.
Founded in 1992, Poly has extended its business in more than 100 cities worldwide in the fields of international trade, real estate development, cultural and artistic cooperation and civilian explosive production, with its business covering two thirds of the economies participating in the Belt and Road Initiative, helping local economies with infrastructure construction and livelihood projects.
Qi Xiangdong, chairman of 360 Business Security Group, an internet company affiliated with Qihoo 360, said the key for cybersecurity technology innovation is big data capability, talents and integrated military and civilian development.
"In terms of the three aspects, we will provide strong support to Beihang University, continuously promoting the construction of the first-class disciplines of cybersecurity and promoting the strategic integration of military and civilian development,"Qi added.
Qihoo 360 and Beihang also will co-construct the Joint Lab of Intelligent Security, military and civilian integration big data analysis and application research center, and cybersecurity monitoring and warning Beihang center.
Zhang Jinlin, an engineer of the 719 Research Institute of CSIC, said the design of the offshore nuclear power station, a typical military and civilian integration project, had taken full consideration of civilian use.
European aircraft maker Airbus last year reported that China had become its largest civilian helicopter market in terms of annual orders.
Talking about the fact that the aviation industry of China has achieved considerable progress in recent years and China has successfully produced its own type-C919 passenger aircraft for its domestic market, Bruns said that it's natural for Boeing to see China has progressed to such a stage of development that it demonstrated its willingness and ambition to be engaged in the global market of civilian airplanes.
"We have shifted our focus to five areas - military electronics, civilian products, international management, scientific and technological innovation, and asset management and capital operation," Xiong said.
MOSCOW － Russian high-tech conglomerate Rostec Corporation is ready to strengthen cooperation with China on the development of military and civilian products, its CEO said.
Rostec is expected to sign a contract with its Chinese partner by the end of 2017 to jointly develop a civilian heavy lift helicopter, he said.
China and Saudi Arabia in 2012 signed a memorandum of understanding to cooperate on the civilian use of nuclear energy.
According to Li, Poly Group, a conglomerate on the Fortune Global 500 list with business covering international trade, real estate, culture, civilian explosives production and investment in resource exploitation, will see its business complemented by that of the other two companies after the merger.
Poly Group runs business covering international trade, real estate, culture, civilian explosives production and investment in resource exploitation.
CHEN ZHONGQIU / FOR CHINA DAILYThe first batch of commercial aircraft tires made by a Chinese company is expected to roll off the production line by the end of this year, which will likely end the history of total reliance on imported tires for China's civilian aircraft.
According to Boeing's forecast, China's civilian aircraft fleet, including both passenger aircraft and cargo aircraft, will reach 7,210 by 2034, nearly three times that of 2014.
Last year, Airbus reported that China had become its biggest civilian helicopter market in terms of annual orders.
In 2016, China became Airbus Helicopters' biggest civilian market in terms of annual orders.
"The small modular reactors are safe for civilian use in cities," said Wang.
With a system extension, it can also perform intelligence collection, electronic warfare, search and rescue missions, and has several uses, including military, anti-terrorism, peace keeping, border patrol operations and civilian use.
In addition to shipbuilding and offshore engineering businesses, CSIC wants to boost 10 other areas, including power and underwater defense products, electronic information and intelligent equipment, and mechanical and electrical equipment, to integrate its civilian and military businesses over the next five years.
Alternatives and renewable energies, such as solar power, wind and biomass energies, have been widely adopted for industrial and civilian usage.
"Gallium and germanium-related items have obvious dual-use attributes in both civilian and military applications," said Shu, adding that the implementation of export control measures on such items is a common international practice.
The commerce ministry noted that some Chinese manufacturers of civilian drones have voluntarily suspended their business operations in conflict areas, after the Russia-Ukraine conflict began.
China and France signed a number of important agreements to deepen bilateral cooperation in traditional areas, such as aviation, aerospace and civilian nuclear energy, as well as in emerging sectors including green development and scientific and technological innovation.
The spaceport in the Amur Region in the Russian Far East is the first national civilian space center.
Supported by all these resources, the group will focus on developing luxury cruise ships, deep-sea fish farms and solutions, liquefied natural gas or LNG carriers, and other high value-added civilian vessels to stay competitive during China's 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-25), he said.
In the consumer electronics sector, civilian drones are mainly used in aerial photography, Su said, adding that the company is bullish on prospects for agricultural drones, as demand for such gadgets is huge and the whole industry is still in exploratory mode.
"The United States uses national security as a pretext to restrict chip export to China, but the measures it has taken clearly go beyond the realm of national security and have gravely hindered the normal trade of ordinary chips for civilian use," Mao said.
The expo is being held by the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade and the Beijing Municipal People's Government, and is intended to serve as a platform for displaying and promoting civilian and space aviation companies, organizers said.
A lot of civilian items are included, and some should not be controlled as explicitly provided in the Wassenaar Arrangement.
Aviation Industry Corp of China, the nation's leading aircraft maker, has conducted the maiden flight of its AC332, a new multifunctional helicopter for civilian use, especially on plateaus.
When it comes to civilian use, domestic pioneers like Huawei are now able to design smartphone chips and modems that can compete with those made by US tech giant Qualcomm.
It serves diversified civilian uses, such as emergency medical services, forest fire fighting, power-line air patrol and emergency supplies delivery.
Profits from sales of indigenously manufactured choppers are expected to be substantial - not just for the joint venture but other Chinese companies on the back of their new-age aircraft such as the Z-20, which are seen revolutionizing the global aviation industry spanning the civilian and military sectors.
"By 2020, China's civilian drone industry will continue to develop rapidly, with an annual output value of 60 billion yuan ($8.9 billion).
Tech conglomerate Alibaba Group launched a communication satellite to support its online shopping gala last year while Baidu CEO Robin Li said earlier that he hoped more support could be given to private companies in the civilian space segment.
Backed by the nation's strategy of military and civilian integration since 2015, private startups in the commercial space sector have mushroomed.
In the consumer electronics sector, civilian drones are mainly used in aerial photography.
Data from Qianzhan also showed the whole domestic civilian drone market will reach more than 96.8 billion yuan by 2023, at compound annual growth rate surpassing 60 percent.
The controls, which will take effect on Sept 1, will also affect some consumer drones and no civilian drones can be exported for military purposes, according to two notices issued by the Commerce Ministry.
However, the rapid advancement of drone technologies and the proliferation of its applications have led to an escalation in the risks associated with certain high-end civilian drones being potentially repurposed for military use, according to the ministry.
"It should be noted that export controls are not bans on exports," the spokesperson said, emphasizing that as long as the drones are used for legitimate civilian purposes and the relevant procedures are followed, regular exports will be allowed.
These measures will come into effect on Sept 1, and all other civilian drones not listed are prohibited from being exported for military purposes, according to public notices released by the ministry.
However, the rapid advancement of drone technologies, together with the proliferation of their application, have led to an escalation in the risks associated with certain high-end civilian drones being potentially repurposed for military use.
The Chinese government firmly supports Chinese companies in conducting global trade and cooperation in the civilian drone sector, the official said.
The scale of China's civilian drone market had risen from 7.9 billion yuan ($1.14 billion) in 2017 to 36.1 billion yuan in 2020, with the compound annual growth rate reaching 65.9 percent, according to a report released by Shenzhen, Guangdong province-based research firm AskCI Consulting.
Civilian drones comprise consumer-level and industry-level equipment.
As a luxury brand transferring from military to civilian use, M-Hero is targeted at a niche customer group and uses order-based production.
China is gradually opening up its lower-altitude airspace for civilian use, and is thus seen as a market with big potential for flying cars.
Beiben is a subsidiary of China North Industries Group Corp, a State-owned enterprise that makes high-tech defense products as well as civilian products.
Asked about Beiben's advantages amid fierce competition, Jin said the group has been fueling technological innovation, while advancing the integration of products for military and civilian uses in recent years.
Based in South Bend, Indiana, AMG is best known for the Hummer, its civilian vehicle, and the Humvee, the military heavyweight.
"We absolutely deplore any use of our products to cause harm," DJI said, adding its drones are designed for "civilian use" and it "refused to customize or enable modifications that would enable the products for military use".
In addition, search and rescue transponders are installed on six Medium Earth Orbit satellites, offering help to international commercial and civilian users, he said.
By the end of 2019, the number of civilian unmanned aerial vehicle pilot licenses in China stood at 67,218, up over 50 percent from the previous year, said the Civil Aviation Administration of China.
Beidou began providing positioning, navigation, timing and messaging services to civilian users in China and other parts of the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012.
"According to the new rules, published on the official website of the US Department of Commerce on Monday, licenses will be needed for US companies to sell certain items to companies in China that have ties to the military, even if the products are meant for civilian use.
They will also remove a civilian exception that allows certain US technology to be exported without a license.
The new rules blur the line between civilian and military use, which will make it difficult for some Chinese civilian companies to buy products and technologies from US companies.
It can be used to help sensors, drones and satellites automate the process of identifying targets for military and civilian purposes.
Special attention was given to securing the transportation of guns and ammunition, as well as governing the production of civilian explosives and hazardous materials.
"Electricity is not even enough for civilian use in the country.
The document sets the goal of putting in place by 2030 a disease prevention and control system that integrates military and civilian efforts, combines prevention and treatment, and features the overall coordination of society in disease prevention and control.
Gallium and germanium have military and civilian dual-use attributes, it said.
Items related to gallium and germanium have military and civilian dual-use attributes, it said.
On behalf of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, the State Council, and the Central Military Commission (CMC), State Councilor and Defense Minister Li Shangfu, who is a member of the CMC, extended festive greetings to the personnel of the PLA, members of the armed police, civilian personnel, the reserve force, the militia, veterans, army heroes and role models, among others.
Rules ensure safe flight management, design, production and operationChina has issued a set of rules to govern the use of civilian drones.
The Provisional Regulations on the Flight Management of Unmanned Civilian Aircraft, made by the State Council and the Central Military Commission, were published on Wednesday and will take effect on Jan 1 next year.
According to a statement published on Wednesday by the Ministry of Justice, the new regulations are tasked with strengthening the management of civilian drones and their operators, stipulating flight airspace, streamlining approval procedures, and improving supervision and emergency response mechanisms.
Chen Zhijie, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a top researcher on air traffic and airspace management, said on Wednesday that there are more than 1 million registered civilian drones on the Chinese mainland and they fly nearly 20 million hours each year.
"In addition, the regulations will better guide the design, production and use of civilian drones and reduce potential hazards," he said.
New national standards for civilian drones releasedThe State Administration for Market Regulation has issued mandatory national safety standards for civilian drones, which will take effect on June 1, 2024.
The standards will serve as a guide for developing, testing and using civilian drones, the administration said in a statement issued on Friday.
Civilian drones, which are used extensively in a number of fields, including agriculture, forestry and meteorology, are easily converted for use in unlicensed or illegal flights, posing a potential risk to national and public security, according to the administration.
The straying of a Chinese civilian unmanned airship into US airspace was purely accidental and was caused by force majeure, and it didn't pose any threat to US personnel or security interests, the statement said, underlining China's responsible response to the incident.
He underscored the policies that suit both peacetime and wartime needs, integrate military with civilian purposes and combine military efforts with civilian support to improve the capacity for national defense mobilization, develop strategies and tactics for the people's war under high-tech conditions, and consolidate unity between the government and the military and between the people and the military.