Cobalt is a key component in rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries.
钴是可充电镍镉电池的重要组成部分。
The artist mixed
cobalt blue into her palette to create a rich, vibrant sky color.
艺术家将钴蓝色加入调色板，以创造出丰富生动的天空色彩。
The mining company discovered a large deposit of
cobalt in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
这家矿业公司在刚果民主共和国发现了大量的钴矿藏。
Cobalt alloys are used in high-temperature applications due to their exceptional strength and durability.
钴合金因其卓越的强度和耐久性，在高温环境下被广泛应用。
The new smartphone has a
cobalt-based battery that provides longer-lasting power.
新款智能手机采用基于钴的电池，能提供更持久的续航能力。
In chemistry,
cobalt forms various coordination complexes with ligands like ammonia or carbon monoxide.
在化学中，钴与氨或一氧化碳等配体形成各种配合物。
The
cobalt plating on the silverware gives it a lustrous finish.
银餐具上的钴镀层使其表面光泽。
Cobalt therapy is sometimes used to treat cancer, targeting tumors with radiation.
钴疗法有时用于癌症治疗，通过辐射靶向肿瘤。
The manufacturing process involves the extraction of
cobalt from raw materials like ore.
制造过程中涉及从矿石等原材料中提取钴。
Cobalt oxide is a catalyst in the Haber-Bosch process for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.
钴氧化物是哈伯-博世法生产氨气过程中的催化剂，该过程涉及氮和氢的反应。
Compared with the current nickel manganese cobalt batteries, LFP batteries are cheaper to produce and more affordable.
与目前的镍锰钴电池相比，LFP电池生产成本更低，价格更实惠。
Wang Yun, general manager of ERG China, said as a major cobalt producer in the world, the group will adopt multiple ways to meet the demand of clients with Chinese investors.
ERG中国区总经理王云表示，作为全球主要钴生产商，该集团将采取多种方式满足中国投资者客户的需求。
"The outlook for cobalt demand is compelling, and it is therefore incumbent on us all to redouble our efforts, and despite the short-term swings of sentiment and all the recent market volatility, increase the much-needed investments in mining and refining of cobalt as the key metal required for the green energy transition," said the companyWang mentioned that China's electronic vehicle market is developing rapidly, which has brought huge market demand which has led to an increase of the upper stream mining resources.
该公司表示：“钴需求前景令人信服，因此，我们所有人都有责任加倍努力，尽管市场情绪出现短期波动和最近的市场波动，但增加对钴的开采和精炼的急需投资，钴是绿色能源转型所需的关键金属。”王提到，中国的电子汽车市场发展迅速，带来了巨大的市场需求，导致上游矿产资源的增加。
The company expected a stable recovery and sustained growth in the aerospace and medical sectors, which will continue to underpin the metal demand for cobalt globally, said Wang.
王表示，该公司预计航空航天和医疗行业将出现稳定复苏和持续增长，这将继续支撑全球对钴的金属需求。
The company signed a Definitive Cooperation Agreement with Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Co Ltd and PT Huali Nickel Indonesia on Friday to construct high-pressure acid leaching facilities that target 60,000 tons of nickel and around 5,000 tons of cobalt per annum in mixed hydroxide precipitate products, which can be further processed into electric vehicle batteries.
周五，该公司与浙江华友钴业有限公司和PT华利镍业印度尼西亚有限公司签署了最终合作协议，建设高压酸浸设施，目标是每年在混合氢氧化物沉淀产品中生产60000吨镍和约5000吨钴，这些产品可进一步加工成电动汽车电池。
"Chen Xuehua, chairman of Huayou, said the cooperation is another combination of Huayou Cobalt's world-leading, green and low-carbon high-pressure acid leaching technology, Indonesia rich nickel resource advantage and PT Vale's sustainable mining practices.
”华友董事长陈学华表示，此次合作是华友钴业全球领先、绿色低碳的高压酸浸技术、印尼丰富的镍资源优势和PT Vale可持续采矿实践的又一次结合。
According to Ni, CATL recycles over 99 percent of nickel, cobalt and manganese used in its batteries, and the corresponding rate for lithium is more than 90 percent.
据Ni介绍，CATL回收了其电池中99%以上的镍、钴和锰，而锂的回收率也超过了90%。
PT Vale Indonesia Tbk, a subsidiary of Brazilian mining giant Vale SA, said on Monday that the company has signed a Definitive Cooperation Agreement with Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Co Ltd to process nickel ore from its Pomalaa Block in Indonesia, a key milestone as part of its project pipeline.
巴西矿业巨头巴西淡水河谷公司（Vale SA）的子公司PT Vale Indonesia Tbk周一表示，该公司已与浙江华友钴业有限公司签署最终合作协议，从其位于印度尼西亚的Pomalaa区块加工镍矿，这是其项目管道的一个关键里程碑。
The project is designed to produce 50,000 metric tons of nickel intermediates and 4,000 tons of metal cobalt from nickel laterite mines to meet growing demand for nickel resources buoyed by surging new energy vehicle battery manufacturing.
该项目旨在从红土镍矿生产5万公吨镍中间体和4000吨金属钴，以满足新能源汽车电池制造业激增带来的对镍资源日益增长的需求。
With two decades of development, the company has expanded its business and covers areas like recycling cellphone batteries, electronic waste, scrapped vehicles, lithium cobalt nickel strategic resources and others.
经过20年的发展，该公司扩大了业务范围，涵盖了手机电池回收、电子垃圾、报废汽车、锂钴镍战略资源等领域。
It has also recycled over 30,000 tons of cobalt products over the past 10 years, which is more than 200 percent of the amount of cobalt that was mined in China and accounts for 20 percent of total cobalt recycled globally.
在过去10年中，它还回收了3万多吨钴产品，占中国钴开采量的200%以上，占全球钴回收总量的20%。
Meanwhile, lithium, cobalt, nickel and other upstream raw materials, which are used to make EV batteries, have witnessed soaring prices since last year.
与此同时，自去年以来，用于制造电动汽车电池的锂、钴、镍和其他上游原材料的价格飙升。
This type of battery uses metal oxides of nickel, cobalt and manganese and packs more punch for its weight than other batteries.
这种类型的电池使用镍、钴和锰的金属氧化物，与其他电池相比，其重量更大。
A cobalt extraction project undertaken by Sunresin was officially put into operation in December 2021 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, with the first batch of cobalt products produced.
Sunresin承担的一个钴提取项目于2021年12月在刚果民主共和国正式投产，生产了第一批钴产品。
The project is expected to help increase the supply of cobalt, thus contributing to the sustainable development of the NEV industry.
该项目有望帮助增加钴的供应，从而为新能源汽车行业的可持续发展做出贡献。
Demonstrating strong demand for ERG's products which include ferrochrome, copper, cobalt, iron ore and alumina, China accounts for more than 20 percent of the company's total sales volume, Machkevitch stated.
As new energy vehicle sales have been booming, global consumption of cobalt, a key element in the batteries of such vehicles, is estimated to exceed 30,000 tons in 2020, and China would consume about 45 percent of the metal, Lu Rixin, an analyst with Orient Securities, said in a research note.
Founded in 1959, Jinchuan Group boasts an annual production capacity of 200,000 tons of nickel, 1 million tons of copper, 10,000 tons of cobalt, 3.5 tons of platinum group metals, 30 tons of gold, 600 tons of silver, 200 tons of selenium and 5.6 million tons of chemical products.
Its annual output of nickel and cobalt rank third and fourth in the world respectively.
CATL batteries are primarily focused on prismatic cell formats using NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide) chemistries, which have found massive application in China's booming electric vehicles (EV) market.
Wu said the company had developed a high-performance anode cobalt material to improve battery capacity, and managed to extend battery life with a new coating method in the cathode.
During the CIIE, NORINCO sealed the deals with governmental and business partners such as Guinean State Mining Co, Myanmar Economic Holdings Co, and other firms from Sudan and the United States to import cotton, copper, cobalt, bauxite and automobile lubricant oil to meet the demand of China's ongoing industrial and consumption upgrades.
Eurasian Resources Group, the international metals and mining company, said it is bullish on its prospects in the China market, given the explosive growth of electric vehicles, which is expected to boost demand for metals like lithium, cobalt, copper and nickel.
Benedikt Sobotka, chief executive officer of ERG, said: "We believe the cobalt market still has a fantastic potential.
We expect to see a strong primary uptrend in the next few years as China is currently the world's biggest importer for raw cobalt products.
"ERG is well positioned to become one of the largest suppliers of cobalt to China starting from next year.
An expected 80 to 90 percent of the company's cobalt output will be sold to China around 2025 compared with about 40 percent now, he said.
Upon expansion, Metalkol at full capacity will be able to supply up to 21,000 metric tons of cobalt annually to the global market.
That amount of cobalt will be able to build 2.6 million electric vehicles.
"Electric vehicles will play an increasingly important role in the demand for metals, including cobalt, lithium and nickel for batteries, copper for charging stations and aluminum for lightweight auto bodies," said Zhu Yi, senior analyst of metals and mining at Bloomberg Intelligence.
"We plan to continue to grow in iron ore but will reduce the dependency on iron ore, and make sure the base metals start performing better, especially nickel, copper and cobalt, to have the Carajas unit contribute more to our overall revenues and performance," said Schvartsman.
That's also because of China and its big strides in electric vehicles and the consequent demand for batteries, said Schvartsman, adding that nickel, cobalt and copper production will get a boost from the growth in electric vehicles.
[Photo/China Daily]Kazakh firm aims at largest cobalt supplier for nation's batteries in EVsEurasian Resources Group is making inroads into China's energy market by supplying a crucial ingredient for lithium-ion batteries.
The international metals and mining company is 40 percent owned by the Kazak government and plans to become one of the largest cobalt suppliers to the world's second-largest economy by the end of 2018.
"At full capacity, 'Metalkol RTR', ERG's mine project in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, will be able to supply up to 21,000 metric tons of cobalt annually to the global market," said Benedikt Sobotka, chief executive officer of ERG.
Li Li, an energy research director at consulting company ICIS China, pointed out that surging demand for rechargeable batteries, a core component for electric vehicles, is making cobalt one of the world's most desirable metals.
"One key project involves a cobalt mining operation in the Democratic Republic of Congo in Central Africa.
"This cobalt operation will be one of the largest," Sobotka said.
"China is our largest market for steel, while the majority of our copper and cobalt also goes to the country," Sobotka said.
Meanwhile, Gansu's import of metal, ore sand and new nickel and cobalt materials increased significantly this year.
The import of new nickel and cobalt materials registered a year-on-year growth of 165.9 percent to reach 3.71 billion yuan in the first six months.
For example, Cobalt, a knitwear brand owned by Fung Group, had during the expos displayed an intelligent manufacturing solution that can significantly reduce the time spent on making customized samples and thus meet consumers' diverse demands.
Benedikt Sobotka, chief executive of Eurasian Resources Group, said the company values the Asia-Pacific as being the most important for the sale of its main products, including copper, iron ore, ferroalloys, cobalt and alumina, and the RCEP "gives mining companies more confidence to establish a stable industrial chain and supply chain in the Asia-Pacific region, and enhance their ability to cope with risks and drive business in the context of uncertainty".
Imports of mechanical and electrical products and new nickel and cobalt materials kept soaring.
Imports of new nickel and cobalt materials hit 2.39 billion yuan, surging 67.2 percent year-on-year.
Imports of mechanical and electrical products and new nickel and cobalt materials kept a high upward momentum, and imports of metal ore and ore increased.
Among the products, the import of electrical and electronic products reached 1.71 billion yuan and the import of nickel and cobalt new materials reached 2.11 billion yuan, up 36.7 percent and 78 percent year-on-year, respectively.
Imports of mechanical and electrical products and nickel and cobalt maintained a high growth rate.
Imports of nickel and cobalt in Gansu province reached 1.79 billion yuan during the same period, up 80.8 percent year-on-year.
The Australian government classifies 26 resource commodities as critical minerals, including cobalt, lithium, rare-earth elements and titanium, which are used to manufacture mobile phones, computers, solar panels, wind turbines, electric vehicles (EVs) and rechargeable batteries.
The supply-demand gap for strategic emerging minerals such as lithium, cobalt and nickel continues to shrink, the report said.
On July 5, Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, through its local unit Prospect Lithium Zimbabwe, commissioned a $300 million processing plant at its Arcadia lithium mine in Goromonzi near the capital Harare, as it seeks to consolidate its position as one of the top battery material producers in the world.
With lithium included, minerals of strategic significance such as cobalt and nickel also saw their reserves grow during the period.
The industrial park has attracted numerous upstream and downstream powerhouses in the green energy industry chain so far, including LONGi Green Energy Technology, Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt and Shanghai Hydrogen Propulsion Technology Co. Green hydrogen will also be playing an important role in interconnecting renewable energy and decarbonization of industrial systems within the industrial park, the production of which will be applied to downstream industries to further reduce coal consumption in Ordos.
, and step up efforts ensuring the steady supply of key resources like lithium, nickel, cobalt and platinum as well as promote the development of alternative materials.
"With China witnessing a wave of 'retirement' of NEV batteries and soaring prices of commodities such as cobalt, nickel, lithium and manganese over the past four years, we have sent more people to various provinces to secure the source of obsolete NEV batteries to maintain robust growth in recent years," he said.
The production of nickel, cobalt, manganese, lithium and other metals extracted from aged batteries has doubled year by year, fueled by mature technologies and practical solutions.
Its annual processing capacity for nickel and cobalt is about 60,000 tons and 35,000 tons, respectively.
"As we plan to recycle 300,000 tons of NEV batteries by 2025, the metals of nickel, cobalt, manganese and lithium contained in them will reach nearly 100,000 tons," Zhang said.
Its renewable nickel, cobalt, lithium and other metal resources will rise to between 20 percent and 30 percent of the corresponding demand, as estimated by Tianjin-based China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co Ltd. Sun Fuquan, vice-president of the Chinese Academy of Science and Technology for Development in Beijing, said that in addition to supporting China's "3060" carbon goals, battery recycling will become one of the indispensable measures to promote the sustainable growth of NEVs, energy storage and other fields, as well as alleviate the shortage of key raw materials.
A-share listed nickel industry leaders such as Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Co Ltd and Chengtun Mining Group touched their daily downside limits of 10 percent on Wednesday.
Xin Guobin, vice-minister of industry and information technology, said in a news conference that the ministry will speed up collaboration with other government departments to improve the supply system for key resources needed in NEV manufacturing, including lithium, cobalt and nickel.
Alongside nickel and cobalt, lithium allows electricity to be stored and transported, making it essential in electric battery production as car manufacturers move away from polluting fossil fuels.
But Europe will not even meet more than 30 percent of its lithium, nickel and cobalt needs in 2030, according to a report submitted to the French government last week.
The French government has set aside a budget worth 1 billion euros ($1.14 billion) and launched tenders to extract or refine lithium, cobalt, nickel and iridium.
Also, Chinese battery material producer Huayou Cobalt signed an agreement with battery manufacturer Farasis Energy last week to tap into various areas, including spent battery recycling.
The Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources under the China Geological Surveyxa0conducted the research and summarized it in the Report for Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel, Tin, and Potash Reserves in the World 2021.
中国地质调查局下属的全球矿产资源战略研究中心开展了此项研究，并将研究成果汇总于《2021年世界锂、钴、镍、锡、钾盐储量报告》中。
China's "new infrastructure" construction plan, particularly charging piles for new energy vehicles, 5G base stations, ultrahigh voltage power and intercity high-speed railways, may boost demand for metals like copper and cobalt, industry experts said.
Benedikt Sobotka, chief executive officer of Eurasian Resources Group, the international metals and mining company, said the "new infrastructure "plan will also boost China's consumption of copper and cobalt and push for structural changes of China's copper and cobalt industry to produce more high value-added products.
These projects will continue to strengthen demand for copper and cobalt, as the 5G smartphones alone contain up to 25 percent more cobalt because of the bigger battery, and the cobalt and copper demand will benefit greatly from an improved EV charging network and increased NEV sales, he said.
According to Sobotka, the new energy vehicle market in China has been improving steadily despite the pandemic, and demand for both cobalt and copper, which is on an unprecedented upward rally, continues to strengthen.
China has been supporting the consumption of cobalt and copper through its policies and strategic direction, including the purchase subsidies extension on new energy vehicles for two years to 2022.
China accounts for 20 to 25 percent of ERG's total sales, and has been a very important and strategic sales destination for ferrochrome and other ferroalloys, cobalt, copper, alumina and iron ore products, said the company.
The analysis comes after China's Ministry of Finance announced in December it would slash import tariffs on lithium carbonate and cobalt sulfate from 5 percent to 2 percent, and cut tariffs on many other raw materials by 3 to 5 percent.
The ministry also said it was set to scrap all tariffs on spodumene ore and cobalt hydrometallurgical semi-products, two key materials in the lithium extraction process.
Eurasian Resources Group, a diversified natural resources group based in Luxembourg, signed an agreement with China's BGRIMM Technology Group, an institute in mineral and material industries worldwide, in relation to a cobalt beneficiation facility, which ERG is building in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, at the third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in Beijing.
This production facility is planned to be commissioned by the end of 2024 and cobalt hydroxide should be provided from ERG's DRC-based Metalkol, one of the world's largest producers for the battery industry, and one of the largest suppliers of cobalt to China.
"It is no different this time that ERG's agreement with BGRIMM to build a high-quality cobalt beneficiation facility is much needed for critical mineral mining and processing industry and for the green energy transition.
""It is very exciting to help increase the overall investment in cobalt beneficiation in the DRC.
This will also lead to further improvement of infrastructure and bring many benefits for local communities in the country, which is a vital region for metals and mining and a key building block for the cobalt industry," added Sobotka.
The Western countries have been developing solid-state battery and other technologies to outperform China's current leading position in the EV industry, and their influence over key mineral resources supplies such as lithium and cobalt may also be a handy tool for them, he said.
Among them, lithium-iron phosphate batteries are still mainly used for secondary utilization, while batteries such as ternary lithium batteries and lithium cobalt oxide batteries are disassembled and recycled.
"Morocco has the largest phosphate reserves in the world, as well as cobalt, manganese and copper, which our country intends to value for EV manufacturing.
Ford currently uses nickel cobalt manganese batteries, compared with which, LFP batteries have a lower energy density but are cheaper, have a longer shelf life and are less prone to overheating.
For discarded batteries that do not meet standards for reuse, they can be disassembled to recycle core materials such as nickel, cobalt and lithium that can then be used in the production of new power batteries.
The recycled materials, including nickel, cobalt and lithium, will be provided to BMW's battery suppliers to produce new power batteries and achieve a closed-loop management of power battery raw materials.
It has strategic importance for China as costs of raw materials of vehicles continue to rise globally but the country relies heavily on imports of materials like lithium, nickel and cobalt," said Zhou Ershuang, an analyst from Soochow Securities, in a note.
Russia's special military operation and the sanctions that followed limiting Moscow's exports have driven up the cost of cobalt, lithium, and nickel — key raw materials in the production of the batteries that power electric vehicles.
Volkswagen Group China is forming joint ventures with Huayou Cobalt and Tsingshan Group to secure nickel and cobalt supplies, in a bid to cut the cost of batteries for its electric vehicles.
Tsingshan is a giant in the global nickel industry and Huayou is a supplier of cobalt and li-ion battery products.
The second joint venture, which will be headquartered in China's Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, will be formed with Huayou to refine nickel and cobalt sulfates and produce cathode materials, it said.
Battery-grade cobalt has seen its price in the international market soar by 119 percent from January 2020 to January this year.
Lithium, cobalt, nickel and other rare metals - the key raw materials for batteries — have witnessed soaring prices since last year.
Last month, Chinese battery material producer Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Co Ltd said it will acquire a lithium mining company in Zimbabwe for $422 million.
Alongside nickel and cobalt, lithium has become a prized raw material as it is a vital element in the production of electric vehicle batteries.
Domestic manufacturers up efforts to further tap soaring demand of NEVsChina's battery material producer Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Co Ltd said on Wednesday it will acquire a lithium mining company in Zimbabwe for $422 million, marking another foray into overseas battery mineral resources by Chinese companies that are shoring up supplies to meet surging demand from the new energy vehicle market.
Huayou Cobalt is not the only company actively expanding its global footprint to secure material supplies.
In fact, even lithium and cobalt are required but rely heavily on import.
LFP batteries have a lower energy density than most other lithium-ion cells but are cheaper, have a longer shelf life, are less prone to overheating and don't use cobalt or nickel.
Compared with last December, the prices of lithium cobalt oxide for cathode materials-key to producing EV batteries-rose more than twice and electrolytes up by more than 150 percent.
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