n.姓氏；绰号

Julius Caesar's cognomen, Caesar, became a title used by Roman emperors long after his death.
朱利叶斯·凯撒的别名“凯撒”成为了一个头衔，在他死后被罗马皇帝长期使用。
In ancient Rome, a cognomen was an additional personal name unique to a specific family member, often indicating a personal trait or achievement.
在古罗马，一个别名是特定家庭成员独有的额外个人名字，常常表明一个人的特质或成就。
Marcus Tullius Cicero's cognomen, Cicero, was derived from the Latin word for chickpea, referencing his family's supposed association with the legume.
马库斯·图利乌斯·西塞罗的别名“西塞罗”源自拉丁语中表示鹰嘴豆的词，暗示他家族与这种豆类的某种关联。
The use of cognomens in Roman society helped distinguish individuals with common praenomina and nomen.
在罗马社会中，别名的使用有助于区分具有相同个人名和氏族名的个体。
His cognomen, "Fortis," meaning brave, was given to him due to his valor on the battlefield.
他的别名“Fortis”，意为勇敢，因他在战场上的英勇而得名。
Unlike nomina and praenomina, cognomens in ancient Rome were not strictly inherited but could be adopted or earned.
与氏名和个人名不同，古罗马的别名并非严格继承，而是可以被采纳或因功获得。
The cognomen "Africanus" was bestowed upon Publius Cornelius Scipio after his victories in the Second Punic War, signifying his connection to Africa.
“Africanus”这一别名是在第二次布匿战争胜利后授予普布利乌斯·科尔内利乌斯·西庇阿的，象征着他与非洲的联系。
In some noble families, cognomens evolved into surnames that are still used today.
在一些贵族家庭中，别名演变成了今天仍在使用的姓氏。
Gaius Julius Caesar's cognomen distinguished him from other members of the Julia family who shared the same nomen and praenomen.
盖乌斯·尤利乌斯·凯撒的别名使他有别于其他同样拥有尤利乌斯这个氏族名和相同个人名的家族成员。
The cognomen system in Rome added another layer of complexity to their naming conventions, reflecting social status, family history, or personal anecdotes.
罗马的别名体系为其命名惯例增添了另一层复杂性，反映了社会地位、家族历史或个人逸事。