expenditure 

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CET4CET6考研GRETOEFLIELTS
单词释义
n.支出,开支,费用,消费,花费,(精力、时间、材料等的)耗费,消耗
词根词缀记忆/谐音联想记忆 补充/纠错
词根expend 花费 + iture 行为,行为的结果 …………
词性拓展记忆 / 词形拓展记忆
原形:expenditure复数:expenditures
词根记忆 / 词缀记忆
expenditure n 支出(expend花费)
-ture表名词,通常在单词或词根以t结尾时使用,表示”一般状态,行为”…ature”,”iture”
miniature n 小画像,缩影(mini小)
legislature n 立法机关(le …………
词组和短语补充/纠错
overseas traveling expenditure 海外旅行支出
annual expenditure 年度支出
tuition fees and living expenditure 学费和生活支出
enormous expenditure 巨额支出
expenditure on education 教育支出
fiscal expenditure 财政支出
aggregate expenditure 总支出
appropriation expenditure 拨款支出
administrative expenditure 行政支出
educational expenditure 教育支出
balance expenditure with income 收支平衡
social security expenditure 社会保障支出
increase revenue and cut government expenditures 增加收入,削减政府支出
government expenditure 政府支出
单词例句
We cut down necessary expenditure.
我们削减了必要的开支。
We will have to render our an account of our expenditure.
我们的开支必须报账。
The company’s total capital expenditure for 2024 is budgeted at 125 billion yuan ($17.43 billion) to 135 billion yuan.
该公司2024年的总资本支出预算为1250亿元人民币(174.3亿美元)至1350亿元人民币。
Their research and development expenditure amounted to 1.1 trillion yuan, reaching the trillion yuan milestone for two consecutive years.
他们的研发支出达到1.1万亿元,连续两年达到万亿元的里程碑。
In 2022, global logistics expenditure hit $10.8 trillion, with that in the Asian market reaching $4.9 trillion, according to findings by Frost & Sullivan.
根据Frost&Sullivan的调查结果,2022年,全球物流支出达到10.8万亿美元,其中亚洲市场的物流支出达到4.9万亿美元。
The global logistics expenditure is expected to touch $13.5 trillion by 2027, it said.
报告称,到2027年,全球物流支出预计将达到13.5万亿美元。
In the 2022-2023 financial year, the proportion of companies reporting a significant or marginal increase in capital expenditure or investment has risen from 20 percent to 30 percent.
在2022-2023财年,报告资本支出或投资显著或边际增长的公司比例已从20%上升到30%。
The market research company International Data Corp predicted that by 2026, China's digital transformation expenditure on hardware will exceed $300 billion.
市场研究公司国际数据公司预测,到2026年,中国在硬件方面的数字化转型支出将超过3000亿美元。
At least one-third of the company's growth capital expenditure goes to China and it is believed the trend will only accelerate this year and in the years to come, it said.
该公司表示,该公司至少三分之一的增长资本支出流向了中国,据信这一趋势只会在今年和未来几年加速。
To facilitate the growth of reserves and production, the capital expenditure budget for 2023 was adjusted to 120-130 billion yuan, it said.
报告称,为了促进储量和产量的增长,2023年的资本支出预算调整为120-1300亿元。
Over the past 10 years, its accumulated R&D expenditure has reached 977.3 billion yuan (about $136 billion), said Wang Jianfeng, head of the company's Public and Government Affairs Department, at the ongoing 12th China Intellectual Property Annual Conference in Jinan, capital of East China's Shandong province.
在中国东部山东省省会济南举行的第十二届中国知识产权年会上,该公司公共和政府事务部部长王建峰表示,在过去10年中,其累计研发支出已达9773亿元人民币(约1360亿美元)。
"Diversifying global PV supply chains will, therefore, come at a substantial cost, though not an unaffordable one in terms of capex (capital expenditure).
“因此,全球光伏供应链的多样化将付出巨大的成本,尽管就资本支出而言并非负担不起。
Most of the cost of making solar panels is the operating expenditure for the factories," said Tan.
制造太阳能电池板的大部分成本是工厂的运营支出,”谭说。
The R&D expenditure rose to 161.5 billion yuan in 2022, accounting for 25.1 percent of the company's total revenue.
2022年,研发支出增至1615亿元,占公司总收入的25.1%。
Zhu Yi, a senior analyst at Bloomberg Intelligence, said that despite higher operating costs and capital expenditure needed to build the infrastructure, carbon capture and storage is one of the most effective ways for Chinese plants to achieve emissions cuts.
彭博资讯高级分析师朱毅表示,尽管建设基础设施需要更高的运营成本和资本支出,但碳捕获和储存是中国工厂实现减排的最有效方式之一。
Last year, the investment intensity of R&D expenditure stood at over 6 percent in Beijing, 2.7 times the national average level.
去年,北京的研发投入强度超过6%,是全国平均水平的2.7倍。
Its R&D expenditure exceeded 580 million yuan in 2022, accounting for 28 percent of Meitu's total revenue, Wu said.
吴表示,2022年,美图的研发支出超过5.8亿元,占美图总收入的28%。
Carbon capture with enzymes could allow the use of waste heat, reduce capital expenditure and lower temperatures, which will bring more sustainable profits to businesses, Novozymes said.
诺维信表示,用酶捕获碳可以利用废热,减少资本支出,降低温度,这将为企业带来更可持续的利润。
Last year, Chinese consumers' per capita expenditure on healthcare reached 2,120 yuan ($296.9), and the value edged up 0.2 percent year-on-year, according to the National Bureau of Statistics.
根据国家统计局的数据,去年,中国消费者在医疗保健方面的人均支出达到2120元人民币(296.9美元),同比增长0.2%。
The cost of the joint venture is expected to be around $3.2 billion, including capital expenditure of about $2.4 billion over the next five years.
合资企业的成本预计约为32亿美元,包括未来五年约24亿美元的资本支出。
Highlighting China's massive market, sophisticated industrial system, strong supply chain competitiveness and improved business environment, Leong said the group will continue to increase its expenditure in the country to strengthen its "China Hub" which comprises talent, innovation, supply chains and an ecosystem.
Leong强调了中国庞大的市场、复杂的工业体系、强大的供应链竞争力和改善的商业环境,他表示,该集团将继续增加在中国的支出,以加强其“中国中心”,该中心包括人才、创新、供应链和生态系统。
People's interest in luxury products is recovering, as 52 percent of Chinese mainland consumers will increase their luxury expenditure this year, which is higher than the 2020 level of 44 percent, according to a report jointly released by media group Ruder Finn and research firm CSG Intage in March.
媒体集团Ruder Finn和研究公司CSG Intage 3月联合发布的一份报告显示,人们对奢侈品的兴趣正在恢复,52%的中国大陆消费者今年将增加奢侈品支出,高于2020年44%的水平。
Cloud infrastructure services expenditure on the Chinese mainland grew 10 percent year-on-year to $30.3 billion last year, according to market consultancy Canalys.
市场咨询公司Canalys的数据显示,去年中国大陆的云基础设施服务支出同比增长10%,达到303亿美元。
So far, China is the world's second-largest consumer goods market and the largest online retail market, with final consumption expenditure accounting for more than half of the nation's GDP for 12 consecutive years.
到目前为止,中国是世界第二大消费品市场和最大的网上零售市场,最终消费支出连续12年占国内生产总值的一半以上。
"At least one-third of the company's growth capital expenditure goes to China and we believe the trend will only accelerate this year and in the years to come," he added.
他补充道:“该公司至少三分之一的增长资本支出流向了中国,我们相信这一趋势只会在今年和未来几年加速。”。
A survey in January by Market research company GfK shows that car owners will drive more often in the first half this year, which will increase the expenditure on tire replacement.
市场研究公司GfK 1月份的一项调查显示,今年上半年车主将更频繁地开车,这将增加更换轮胎的支出。
The number of R&D institutions of foreign-funded pharmaceutical enterprises in China reached 483 in 2020, an increase of 48 over 2019 with the expenditure of R&D institutions reaching 14.91 billion yuan ($2.20 billion), an increase of 0.9 percent over 2019, said the Report on Foreign Investment in China 2022, citing data from the China Statistics Yearbook on High Technology Industry.
《2022年中国外商投资报告》援引《中国高技术产业统计年鉴》的数据称,2020年,中国外资制药企业的研发机构数量达到483家,比2019年增加了48家,研发机构支出达到149.1亿元人民币(合22.0亿美元),比2019年度增长0.9%。
Alibaba Cloud, Huawei Cloud, Tencent Cloud and Baidu AI Cloud maintained their positions as market leaders and together accounted for 79 percent of related expenditure in China, but "all four saw a fall in their growth rates compared with past quarters".
阿里云、华为云、腾讯云和百度人工智能云保持着市场领导者的地位,合计占中国相关支出的79%,但“与过去几个季度相比,这四家公司的增长率都有所下降”。
Data from the National Bureau of Statistics showed that China's R&D expenditure ranked second in the world, with its R&D intensity increasing from 1.91 percent to 2.44 percent, close to the average of Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development nations.
国家统计局的数据显示,中国的研发支出位居世界第二,研发强度从1.91%提高到2.44%,接近经济合作与发展组织成员国的平均水平。
Their combined research and development (R&D) expenditure reached 940 billion yuan, surging 20 percent year on year, according to the association.
根据该协会的数据,他们的研发支出总额达到9400亿元,同比增长20%。
The expenditure on research and development stood at 4.0 billion yuan in the July-September period, accounting for 16 percent of the company’s total revenue, according to the quarterly financial report.
根据季度财务报告,7-9月期间,研发支出为40亿元,占公司总收入的16%。
Tencent's R&D expenditure reached 15.1 billion yuan in the third quarter, a year-on-year increase of 9.8 percent.
第三季度,腾讯的研发支出达到151亿元,同比增长9.8%。
While CNOOC saw its capital expenditure (capex) up 20.6 percent year-on-year to approximately 68.69 billion yuan for the first nine months, Sinopec said its capex stood at 104.0 billion yuan.
中海油前9个月的资本支出同比增长20.6%,达到约686.9亿元,中石化表示其资本支出为1040亿元。
Capital expenditure during the first six months of the company rose to 41.6 billion yuan, up 15.4 percent year-on-year, said the company.
该公司表示,公司前六个月的资本支出增至416亿元,同比增长15.4%。
The expenditure on research and development stood at 3.6 billion yuan in the April-June period, accounting for 15 percent of the company’s total revenue, according to the quarterly financial report.
根据季度财务报告,4-6月期间,研发支出为36亿元,占公司总收入的15%。
IDC said the IT-related expenditure in China's AR and VR market reached about $2.13 billion in 2021 and will increase to $13.08 billion in 2026, making it the second-largest market in the world.
IDC表示,2021年,中国AR和VR市场的IT相关支出约为21.3亿美元,2026年将增至130.8亿美元,成为全球第二大市场。
That means health costs are continuously growing at a high level, with most of the expenditure on chronic diseases in the elderly.
这意味着医疗费用持续高水平增长,其中大部分支出用于老年人的慢性病。
Its expenditure on research and development surpassed 10 billion yuan in 2021.
2021年,其研发支出超过100亿元。
Central SOEs' total expenditure on R&D amounted to around 378.62 billion yuan (about $56.1 billion) in the first six months, up 19.7 percent over the same period of last year, said the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) of the State Council.
国务院国有资产监督管理委员会(SASAC)表示,前六个月,中央国有企业的研发支出总额约为3786.2亿元人民币(约561亿美元),比去年同期增长19.7%。
"In the first quarter, China continued to be the leading growth market for cloud infrastructure services expenditure.
“第一季度,中国继续是云基础设施服务支出的领先增长市场。
Moreover, Tencent has increased investment in research and development as R&D expenditure stood at 15.4 billion yuan, an increase of 36 percent year-on-year.
此外,腾讯加大了研发投入,研发支出154亿元,同比增长36%。
CNOOC Ltd said earlier that its planned capital expenditure for 2022 will be between 90 billion yuan ($13.62 billion) and 100 billion yuan, with exploration, development, production and others to account for approximately 20 percent, 57 percent, 21 percent and 2 percent, respectively, of its total spending.
中海油有限公司早些时候表示,其2022年计划资本支出将在900亿元人民币(136.2亿美元)至1000亿元人民币之间,勘探、开发、生产和其他支出分别约占其总支出的20%、57%、21%和2%。
Baidu’s expenditure on R&D of core business accounted for 23 percent of its core revenue in 2021, topping the list among the top 500 Chinese private enterprises.
2021年,百度核心业务研发支出占其核心收入的23%,位居中国民营企业500强榜首。
BOE's R&D expenditure reached at 12.4 billion yuan in 2021.
2021年,京东方的研发支出达到124亿元。
Capital expenditure for Sinopec stood at 167.9 billion yuan in 2021, with exploration and development accounting for 68.1 billion yuan.
2021年,中国石化的资本支出为1679亿元,勘探开发占681亿元。
Capital expenditure is set at 198 billion yuan in 2022, up 18 percent from the 2021 level, it said.
报告称,2022年资本支出定为1980亿元,比2021年增长18%。
Much of the expenditure last year went to oil and natural gas capacity construction in the Shunbei oil and gas field in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, Fuling shale gas field in Southwest China's Chongqing, Weirong and Western Sichuan natural gas projects.
去年的大部分支出用于新疆维吾尔自治区顺北油气田、中国西南部重庆涪陵页岩气田、威荣和川西天然气项目的石油和天然气产能建设。
Even during the COVID-19 pandemic last year, they maintained a positive growth rate and relatively high capital expenditure, which showed that such companies were less affected by the pandemic and were still growing rapidly.
即使在去年新冠肺炎疫情期间,它们也保持了正增长率和相对较高的资本支出,这表明这些公司受疫情影响较小,仍在快速增长。
Johnny Cheng, executive director and chief financial officer of the company, said that the company's R&D expenditure in China rose by 43 percent to $159 million last year, while that in the US and Europe increased by 121 percent to more than $140 million.
该公司执行董事兼首席财务官Johnny Cheng表示,去年该公司在中国的研发支出增长了43%,达到1.59亿美元,而在美国和欧洲的研发支出则增长了121%,超过1.4亿美元。
The company's planned capital expenditure for 2022 will be between 90 billion yuan ($14.14 billion) and 100 billion yuan, with that for exploration, development, production and others to account for approximately 20 percent, 57 percent, 21 percent and 2 percent, respectively, according to a summary of the centrally administered State-owned enterprise's business strategy and development plan for 2022 released on Tuesday.
该公司2022年的计划资本支出将在900亿元人民币(141.4亿美元)至1000亿元人民币之间,其中勘探、开发、生产和其他支出分别约占20%、57%、21%和2%,根据周二发布的中央管理的国有企业2022年经营战略和发展计划摘要。
The company's domestic exploration strategy will focus more on the gas sector while it will also push forward the development of unconventional gas exploration, said Xie Weizhi, chief financial officer of CNOOC Ltd. As the three major oil and gas companies are shifting focus from fossil fuel energy to new energy given the backdrop of China's goals to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, the company will also invest 5 percent to 10 percent of its total capital expenditure in the development of new energy, Xie said.
中海油有限公司首席财务官谢伟志表示,该公司的国内勘探战略将更多地关注天然气行业,同时也将推动非常规天然气勘探的发展。谢表示,鉴于中国到2030年碳排放达到峰值、到2060年实现碳中和的目标,三大石油和天然气公司正在将重点从化石燃料能源转移到新能源,该公司还将把总资本支出的5%至10%投资于新能源的开发。
With the call for achieving self-reliance and self-improvement in science and technology at higher levels, China's spending on basic research during the 14th Five-Year Plan period will likely reach a record 8 percent of all research and development expenditure, the Ministry of Science and Technology said.
科技部表示,随着在更高水平上实现科技自立自强的呼声,中国“十四五”期间的基础研究支出可能会达到创纪录的8%。
With the CIIE being the epitome of China's opening-up, multinational companies are riding the boom of the Healthy China 2030 initiative, which encourages the expedited review of innovative drugs and aims to triple total healthcare expenditure from 2017 to 2030, to $2.5 trillion.
Beijing's grand Healthy China 2030 initiative aims to triple total healthcare expenditure from 2017 to 2030 to $2.5 trillion, and the sheer number and ambition spell heartening news to Ricardo Marek, president of Takeda's growth and emerging markets business unit.
During the period, the company's capital expenditure increased by 13.8 percent year-on-year to approximately 20.94 billion yuan, mainly due to the increase in workload.
The ratio of their R&D expenditure to operating revenues hit a new high of 1.77 percent.
The government has been stepping up domestic oil and gas exploration and increased capital expenditure in both conventional and non-conventional production in recent years, said Luo Zuoxian, head of intelligence and research at the Sinopec Economics and Development Research Institute.
Notably, they have maintained a positive growth rate and relatively high capital expenditure during the COVID-19 pandemic last year, which showed that such companies were less affected by the pandemic and were still growing rapidly.
Fonterra's earnings before Interest and tax were up 18 percent to $959 million, due to higher margins and reduced operating expenditure.
The company will continuously step up construction of smart offshore oil and gas facilities and further decrease expenditure through digitalization to achieve high quality development of China's offshore oil and gas sector, Wang said.
Compared with 13.2 billion yuan during the same period last year, the company’s capital expenditure came in at 23 billion yuan, with 9 billion yuan in the exploration and development sector, it said.
Its capital expenditure decreased by 5.1 percent year-on-year to approximately 16.04 billion yuan ($2.47 billion) as a result of the planned schedule of development projects, the company said.
"PetroChina is set to become the biggest spending driller in the world with 239 billion yuan in annual capital expenditure, exceeding all global peers.
During the period, leveraging its stable financial position and strong free cash flow, the company maintained a high level of investment with capital expenditure of 79.5 billion yuan and fully guaranteed the implementation of oil and gas exploration and development businesses.
Capital expenditure in 2020 was $27 billion due to the implementation of optimization and efficiency programs, representing a significant saving on capital expenditure of $33 billion in 2019.
Aramco expects capital expenditure for 2021 to be around $35 billion, significantly lower than the previous guidance of $40-45 billion.
"The research and development expenditure accounts for around 20 percent of the company's revenue every year, which is a big sum for a startup," Zhu said.
According to the senior executive, at present, the foundry industry capacity is tight and in order to meet customer needs, the company's capital expenditure plan for this year is $4.3 billion, the majority of which is for efforts to expand its production capacity.
The company's total capital expenditure for 2021 is budgeted at 90 billion yuan ($13.9 billion) to 100 billion yuan.
The capital expenditures for exploration, development and production will account for approximately 17 percent, 61 percent and 20 percent of the total capital expenditure respectively, it said.
The proportion of healthcare consumption expenditure is expected to increase significantly, highlighting the huge development potential of the nutrition market," he said.
Owing to low oil prices, many oil behemoths are cutting down upstream expenditure and are focusing more and more on the downstream sector, including chemicals and lubricants, she said.
International Data Corp, a global market consultancy, said China's expenditure on digital transformation is estimated to reach $1.5 trillion in the 2021-24 period, with an average annual growth rate of 17 percent.
Thanks to the government's move to enhance Chinese companies' supply chain via additional investment, the fixed-asset expenditure of central SOEs surged 11.3 percent on a yearly basis to 1.8 trillion yuan in the first three quarters of this year.
Wei Shangjin, a professor of Finance and Economics at Columbia University, said Ant's personal loan business can help households better manage temporary income or expenditure shocks, say for illness or education.
For the July-September quarter, Samsung's capital expenditure amounted to 8.4 trillion won ($7.2 billion, including 6.6 trillion won ($5.8 billion) spent on semiconductors and 1.5 trillion won ($1.3 billion) on displays.
For example, lifestyle and home decor products have pride of place on LITB as they offer a competitive edge, and can be shipped directly to overseas markets without incurring high after-sales expenditure, said He.
Their combined R&D spending totaled 1.08 trillion yuan ($158.2 billion), with the proportion of R&D expenditure to operating revenue rising to a historical high of 1.61 percent.
The average expenditure of each company on AI computing power will be four times higher than two years ago and the overall market expenditure will exceed $5 billion globally, said market consultancy Gartner.
Over 60 percent of Ant employees are in technology-related posts, whereas research and development expenditure accounted somewhere between 7.3 percent and 8.8 percent of the group revenue during the last three years.
On the other hand, their pursuit of consumption upgrade in expenditure on daily necessities has remained unchanged," she said.
The company's capital expenditure reached about 16.90 billion yuan for the first quarter of 2020, up 20.1 percent year-over-year, as a result of the increased workloads.
Fonterra's key financial targets for 2020 are to meet its earnings guidance of 15-25 cents per share, achieve a gross margin in excess of NZ$3 billion, reduce debt so it is no more than 3.75 times its earnings and ensure capital expenditure is no more than NZ$500 million, said the CEO.
A report on R&D expenditure by 32 Chinese steel companies compiled by Hithink RoyalFlush Information Network Co Ltd showed Baosteel's R&D investment in the past three years reached 14.9 billion yuan, more than double the amount of second ranked Hebei Iron and Steel Co Ltd (Heteel) at 6.79 billion yuan.
While the upstream meltblown material and the downstream mask factory have expanded their capacity, the meltblown fabric is hard to expand due to the high capital expenditure, long date of delivery and excessive risks to private companies, she said.
"More than 20,000 employees are standing by and the monthly expenditure is 150 million yuan.
He said measures mainly involve five aspects: revenue growth and expenditure reduction, risk prevention, science and technology innovation, supply-side structural reform and SOE reform.
Data showed that evening expenditure was most vibrant between 8 pm to 10 pm, whereas a quarter of WeChat Pay users opened their virtual wallets from 10 pm to midnight.
"He explained that in the US, a typical mature pharmaceutical market, about 70 percent of the medicine expenditure paid by medical insurance are for original, innovative, or rare drugs, while in China about 80 percent of the payments from the public medical insurance funds are on generics, causing great financial burden to both patients and society.
China has seen a surge of large high-tech manufacturing companies and a spike in research and development (R&D) expenditure from 2013 to 2018, the fourth national economic census showed Wednesday.
The R&D expenditure of large high-tech manufacturing companies came in at 355.91 billion yuan ($50.7 billion) in 2018, up 75 percent from 2013.
E-commerce giant believes digital services will be 'key engine' for revenue growthChinese e-commerce giant JD will speed up efforts in technology investment and said its expenditure on research and development amounted to more than 13 billion yuan ($1.9 billion) in the first three quarters of this year, surpassing the 12.1 billion yuan it spent in 2018.
If the cost stays at about this level, WeWork could face about $1 billion in capital expenditure.
China's healthcare expenditure is expected to grow at an annual rate of 8.1 percent in the next five years, which is undoubtedly a great opportunity for healthcare enterprises.
Its aim is to reduce duplication of construction and expenditure.
Over the past years, R&D expenditure accounted for more than 10 percent of our revenue," Zhang said, noting that the company will further increase its investment in R&D in the coming years.
Young people, aged between 18 and 25, contributed most to the expenditure on domestic brands.
Technology has helped find missing people and slashed government expenditure running shelters, according to the Ministry of Civil Affairs on Thursday.
Data from annual reports showed that the combined research and development (R&D) expenditure of the firms totaled 59.91 billion yuan ($8.8 billion) in 2018, up 15.69 percent year-on-year.
Their average R&D intensity, the proportion of R&D expenditure to sales revenue, stood at 3.23 percent, 1.05 percentage points higher than that of the whole society.
The company's R&D expenditure increase was just behind Amazon, which rose 210 percent during the 5-year period.
Zha said a significant amount of Vorwerk's global research and development resources, and capital expenditure will be focused on China as the nation has an integral role to play in the company's overall growth plans.
考试真题例句(机器翻译仅供参考)
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六级

考研"It's already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country," he says.

“从整个国家的公共支出角度来看,这已经是一个巨大的问题,”他说。

2017年考研真题(英语二)阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

六级Average family expenditure is increasing

平均家庭开支正在增加

2013年12月阅读原文

六级In fact, in line with past experience, capital expenditure in the oil sector has dropped sharply in many producing countries, including the United States.

事实上,根据过去的经验,包括美国在内的许多石油生产国的石油部门资本支出大幅下降。

2017年6月阅读原文

六级Average family expenditure is increasing.

家庭平均支出正在增加。

2013年12月阅读原文

考研To control noise is to demand much self-discipline (annoyance arises often from lack of common courtesy), a sense of proportion (there is usually a conflict of interest if a noise is to be stopped), the expenditure of money (and it is far more economical to do this early rather that late), and finally, technical knowledge.

控制噪音需要自律(烦恼往往源于缺乏礼貌)、比例感(如果要停止噪音,通常会有利益冲突)、金钱支出(早做比晚做更经济),最后是技术知识。

1981年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

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