Gallium is a soft, silvery-white metal with the atomic number 31 on the periodic table.
氟化镓是一种软的、银白色的金属，在元素周期表中原子序数为31。
The element was discovered by French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875.
这种元素是由法国化学家保罗·艾米尔·勒科克·德波博丹于1875年发现的。
It has a low melting point, which makes it unique among the metals and useful for various applications.
它的熔点很低，这使得它在金属中独树一帜，并且在许多应用中有用。
Gallium alloys are commonly used in semiconductor manufacturing due to their ability to flow at room temperature.
因为能在室温下流动，镓合金在半导体制造中被广泛应用。
In medical science,
gallium-67 is used as a radioactive tracer for imaging certain types of cancer.
在医学上，镓-67被用作放射性示踪剂，用于成像某些类型的癌症。
The element is named after the Latin word "gallus," meaning "cock" or "rooster," because it was mistaken for arsenic when first isolated.
这种元素得名自拉丁语“gallus”，意为“公鸡”或“公鸡”，因为它最初被误认为是砷。
Gallium nitride (GaN) is a compound used in high-power electronics, such as blue LEDs and solar cells.
硝酸镓（GaN）是一种化合物，用于高功率电子设备，如蓝色发光二极管和太阳能电池。
Its softness allows it to be easily etched onto silicon wafers, making it a key material in microelectronics fabrication.
由于其柔软性，它可以轻易蚀刻到硅晶片上，使其成为微电子制造的关键材料。
The element is also used in the production of high-speed integrated circuits due to its excellent thermal conductivity.
由于其出色的热导率，镓还被用于高速集成电路的生产。
However, exposure to
gallium can be harmful if not handled properly, causing skin irritation and other health issues.
如果处理不当，接触镓可能会有害，引起皮肤刺激和其他健康问题。
Infineon is betting on next-generation power semiconductors, such as gallium nitride and silicon carbide, to spur growth.
英飞凌押注于氮化镓和碳化硅等下一代功率半导体，以刺激增长。
The recent hype of Western media outlets on China's export plunge to the United States of gallium and germanium, two critical chip-making minerals, are only meant to impose extra pressure on China, a senior analyst told China Daily on Tuesday.
"China started to impose export restrictions on industrial products and materials containing gallium and germanium from Aug 1, 2023.
- China has approved some companies' export applications for gallium and germanium products that comply with relevant regulations, commerce ministry spokesperson He Yadong said Thursday.
He made the remarks in response to a relevant question at a press conference, noting that some Chinese companies have obtained export licenses for gallium and germanium-related items.
China's commerce ministry and the General Administration of Customs issued a notice on imposing export restrictions on industrial products and materials containing gallium and germanium in July.
China started to impose export restrictions on industrial products and material containing gallium and germanium from August 1, 2023.
The Ministry of Commerce has been receiving license applications from some companies regarding the export of gallium and germanium related items, said Shu Jueting, the ministry's spokeswoman.
Shu, from the commerce ministry, reiterated that China's export control measures on gallium and germanium-related items are not targeted at any specific country, and the implementation of such actions conforms to internationally recognized practices.
商务部的舒女士重申，中国对镓和锗相关产品的出口管制措施并非针对任何特定国家，此类行动的实施符合国际公认的实践。
"Gallium and germanium-related items have obvious dual-use attributes in both civilian and military applications," said Shu, adding that the implementation of export control measures on such items is a common international practice.
China's export control measures on gallium and germanium-related items are not targeted at any specific country, and the implementation of such actions conforms to internationally recognized practices, said the Ministry of Commerce on Thursday.
China's decision to restrict export of industrial products and materials containing gallium and germanium is not targeted at any specific country and is in line with the international practice of placing more emphasis on protecting strategic mineral resources, officials and experts said on Tuesday.
Gallium and germanium are important raw materials for the semiconductor industry.
Han Xiaomin, general manager of JW Insights, a Chinese semiconductor market research company, said that gallium oxide is among the materials on which China has imposed export restrictions.
In August 2022, the United States Department of Commerce announced export controls on gallium oxide and diamond, because "devices that utilize these materials have significantly increased military potential".
"Washington has already restricted the export of gallium oxide, why can't China? "
US semiconductor wafer maker AXT Inc said on Monday that its Chinese subsidiary Tongmei will immediately proceed to apply for the permits to keep exporting gallium and germanium substrate products from China.
In the first quarter, gallium arsenide and germanium substrates exported from China contributed about $4.3 million in revenue, AXT said on its official website.
Gallium nitride and gallium arsenide compound semiconductors are used for products ranging from power electronics to 5G base stations.
Xiang Libin, vice-minister of science and technology, said in a speech in May that the ministry has always attached great importance to technological innovation and industrial development of third-generation semiconductors comprising materials such as gallium nitride, as they show good performance and have a huge market potential in new energy vehicles, information communication, smart grids and other fields.
China will impose export restrictions on industrial products and materials containing gallium and germanium from August 1 to ensure its national security and interests, said the Ministry of Commerce in a notice on Monday.
According to the relevant provisions of China's Export Control Law, Foreign Trade Law and Customs Law, gallium, which is used in the production of semiconductors and optoelectronic devices, and germanium, an important raw material for the semiconductor industry, as well as their related products, cannot be exported without permission after July.
Export of other industrial materials such as gallium nitride, gallium oxide and zone-refined germanium ingot have also been prohibited.
Gallium nitride, for instance, is a new, higher performing semiconductor material.
China will impose export restrictions on industrial products and material containing gallium and germanium from August 1, 2023, said the Ministry of Commerce in a statement.
Meanwhile, China has approved the export of gallium and germanium-related items of some enterprises that comply with regulations, the ministry said.
China's export restrictions on gallium and germanium is just the beginning, and the country has more tools for countermeasures if Washington plans tougher technology restrictions on Beijing, said Wei Jianguo, former vice-minister of commerce.
Wei said in an exclusive interview with China Daily that the decision to restrict the export of industrial products and materials containing gallium and germanium has been made after thoughtful consideration, which will not only cause panic in certain countries, but also exert heavy pain in them.
As the first step for their collaboration, Hanergy's United States affiliate, Alta Devices, will provide gallium arsenide thin-film solar cells for the panoramic glass roofs of Audi's electric cars, according to their memorandum of understanding released last week.
Ministry says use of gallium, germanium should be regulated to ensure securityThe export controls on gallium and germanium-related products that were implemented in August are legitimate and necessary steps to protect China's national security, an article posted by the Ministry of State Security said on Thursday, in response to the publication of maliciously twisted interpretations of the move on the foreign media.
Gallium and germanium have military and civilian dual-use attributes, it said.
The United States and the European Union have included gallium and germanium in their lists of critical minerals and subjected them to special attention.
Furthermore, the Wassenaar Arrangement, a multilateral export control mechanism led by the US and the EU, has included gallium and germanium in its controlled list.
For many years, the proportion of gallium and germanium produced by China for the global market has significantly exceeded China's share of global reserves.
The export controls on gallium and germanium items implemented in August is a legitimate and necessary step to protect China's national security, an article posted by the Ministry of State Security on Thursday said in response to foreign media.
Items related to gallium and germanium have military and civilian dual-use attributes, it said.
Furthermore, the Wassenaar Arrangement, a multilateral export control mechanism led by the US and EU, includes gallium and germanium in its controlled list.
For many years, the proportion of gallium and germanium produced by China for the global market significantly exceeds China's share of global reserves.
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