Carbon-based materials, such as
graphite, exhibit remarkable thermal conductivity properties.
碳基材料如石墨具有出色的热导率。
Graphite is commonly used in pencils due to its softness and ability to leave a smooth, dark mark.
石墨常用于铅笔芯，因其柔软且能留下深色光滑的痕迹。
The electrodes in lithium-ion batteries are often made of
graphite for efficient energy storage.
锂离子电池的电极常常使用石墨，以实现高效能的能量存储。
In lubricants,
graphite serves as a superior anti-friction agent.
在润滑剂中，石墨作为优良的抗摩擦剂。
A pencil's
graphite core can be easily erased without damaging the paper surface.
铅笔的石墨芯可以轻易被擦除，不会损伤纸张表面。
Graphite is used in nuclear reactors as a moderator to control the speed of neutrons.
石墨用于核反应堆作为减速剂，控制中子的速度。
Scientists study the microstructure of
graphite to understand its extraordinary strength and flexibility.
科学家研究石墨的微观结构，以了解其非凡的强度和柔韧性。
Graphene, an atom-thick layer of
graphite, holds great potential in electronics and nanotechnology.
石墨烯，石墨的一层原子厚度，对电子和纳米技术有巨大潜力。
The high melting point of
graphite makes it suitable for high-temperature applications.
石墨的高熔点使其适用于高温应用。
Artists use compressed
graphite powder, known as compressed charcoal, for detailed drawing techniques.
艺术家使用压缩石墨粉（压缩炭），进行精细绘画。
With many domestic and global businesses allocating resources to produce technologically intensive green products, Ningbo Sinyuan Industrial Material Group, a Zhejiang province-based expanded graphite manufacturer, will supply more new products to its partners to sustain robust growth, said a senior executive.
一位高管表示，随着许多国内外企业分配资源生产技术密集型绿色产品，总部位于浙江省的膨胀石墨制造商宁波新源工业材料集团将向合作伙伴提供更多新产品，以保持强劲增长。
Bipolar plates, made of expanded graphite, have complex flow fields that, when stacked, distribute gas and air, as well as conduct electrical current from one cell to the next.
双极板由膨胀石墨制成，具有复杂的流场，当堆叠时，会分配气体和空气，并将电流从一个电池传导到下一个电池。
Leveraging decades of research and applications of expanded graphite, Sinyuan has built a complete industrial chain from graphite ore powder to bipolar plates.
凭借几十年来对膨胀石墨的研究和应用，新源已经构建了从石墨矿粉到双极板的完整产业链。
Graphite controls fairIn an unrelated development in the field of trade, He Yadong, a spokesman for the Ministry of Commerce, reiterated last week that the implementation of export control measures on specific graphite products is a widely accepted international practice.
He made the comments in response to reports that certain Chinese graphite exporters have received clearance to supply their products to prominent South Korean battery manufacturers.
"China's export control measures should not be viewed as a complete export ban, and the commerce ministry has granted approval for several graphite export applications that were in alignment with the applicable regulations," he said.
China had previously announced its intention to refine export controls on specific graphite categories in October, with the new regulations taking effect on Dec 1.
China's decision to implement export permits for certain types of highly sensitive graphite products, effective from Dec 1, is in line with its commitment to fulfilling international obligations and ensuring national security, experts said on Friday.
They made the comments after the government added three highly sensitive graphite items, including spherical graphite — which were previously subject to temporary controls — to the export control list for dual-use items, according to a notice jointly issued by the Ministry of Commerce and the General Administration of Customs on Friday.
At the same time, China canceled temporary controls on five types of low-sensitivity graphite items like carbon electrodes for furnaces, which are mainly used in steel, metallurgy, chemical and other applications.
Graphite is a mineral composed of stacked sheets of carbon atoms with a hexagonal crystal structure.
China had already notified affected countries and regions, said a spokesperson for the ministry, adding that export controls over specific graphite items are common international practice.
As the world's largest producer and exporter of graphite, China has long been firmly fulfilling its international obligations such as nonproliferation, and has implemented export controls on specific graphite items according to the needs of safeguarding national security and interests.
It has implemented temporary controls over some graphite items, said the spokesperson.
Zhou Mi, a senior researcher at the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, said that aside from being used in the high-technology sector, many graphite materials are also used for weapons or other products in the military field.
"The European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia have all implemented policies to secure graphite reserves and supplies across the world, according to information released by the Beijing-based Huaon Industrial Research Institute.
For example, the US government has introduced several policies to ensure the reliable supply of over 30 minerals, including graphite, since 2017.
"Graphite materials are widely used in fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries.
As a major producer of graphite, China's policy on export permits for certain graphite products will have a certain impact on the global supply chain of batteries and new energy vehicles," said Liu Zhibo, a professor specializing in graphene materials at Nankai University in Tianjin.
"Currently, China is leading the development of NEV batteries, and graphite plays a significant role in battery research and production, including the use of graphene to develop high-performance batteries," he said.
The global production of graphite reached 1.61 million metric tons in 2022, up 7.6 percent year-on-year.
China remains the world's leading graphite producer, accounting for over 70 percent of global production in 2022.
China has decided to include three types of highly sensitive graphite items, such as spherical graphite, that were previously subject to temporary control on the dual-use items export control list, said the Ministry of Commerce in an online notice on Friday.
At the same time, the country cancelled the temporary control on five kinds of low-sensitivity graphite items such as furnace carbon electrodes that are mainly used in steel, metallurgy, chemical and other basic industries, said a notice jointly issued by the Ministry of Commerce and the General Administration of Customs.
Export control of specific graphite items is an international practice.
China, as the world's largest producer and exporter of graphite, has long been firmly fulfilling its international obligations such as non-proliferation, and has implemented export control of specific graphite items according to the needs of safeguarding national security and interests, and has implemented temporary control of some graphite items, said the spokesperson.
Meanwhile, tariffs on some key components, such as high-purity graphite fittings and high-voltage cables, will be reduced.
“同时，对某些关键组件，例如高纯度石墨配件和高压电缆，将降低关税。”
Under the plan, the nation will make a big push to arrange a number of energy resource bases and planned national mining areas, implement the mineral resource reserve project, build a strategic mineral reserve system and strengthen the exploration of strategic mineral resources such as oil, natural gas, copper, chromium, tungsten, rare earths and crystalline graphite.
Move in line with commitment to maintain stability of supply chainsChina will implement optimized export controls on graphite products from Friday, and the measures do not target any specific country or region, the Ministry of Commerce said on Thursday.
Temporary controls on the export of graphite materials with low sensitivity have been lifted.
Export controls on specific graphite products have been an international practice.
Since 2006, China has implemented temporary export controls on graphite products, including those used as negative electrode materials for batteries.
Last year, the production volume of graphite globally reached 1.61 million metric tons, up 7.6 percent on a yearly basis.
China remains the world's largest graphite producer, accounting for over 70 percent of global production in 2022.
"The highly sensitive graphite items, which were already subjected to temporary measures, have now become officially regulated," said Ding Rijia, a professor of industrial supply chain operations at the China University of Mining and Technology in Beijing.
"Besides, the temporary control measures on five types of low-sensitivity graphite items, which are mainly used in downstream sectors such as steel, metallurgy and the chemical industries, have been removed.
"By optimizing export controls on graphite products, China aims to better fulfill its international obligations such as nonproliferation, to ensure the global industry and supply chains are safe and stable, and to protect its national security and interests more effectively, Ding said.
China will implement optimized export controls on graphite products from Dec 1, and the measures do not target any specific country or region, the Ministry of Commerce said on Thursday.
Temporary controls on graphite materials with low sensitivity have been lifted.
The export controls on specific graphite products have been an international practice.
China's temporary export control measures for graphite products, which are in line with the law, do not target any specific country, region or industry, the Ministry of Commerce said on Thursday.
The ministry, together with General Administration of Customs, recently optimized and adjusted the temporary export control measures towards graphite products, including three highly-sensitive graphite items while removing five low-sensitive products from its export control list, said Shu Jueting, spokeswoman for the ministry, at a news conference.
Although confronting uncertainties caused by high prices of materials such as nickel, lithium and graphite, and geopolitical tensions, the foreign trade of China's machinery industry — a key economic indicator — rose 3 percent on a yearly basis to $1.07 trillion in 2022, maintaining $1 trillion of foreign trade value for the second consecutive year, said the Beijing-based China Machinery Industry Federation (CMIF) during a news conference.
Diamonds were first grown in laboratories using High Pressure High Temperature systems that used extreme heat and high pressure and a small bit of diamond "seed" to grow graphite into diamonds.
The city's rare earth industrial park concentrates on the application of new rare earth materials, including nanometers, high-polymer, new types of fiber, new graphite and highly purified rare earth metal materials, and more than 85 percent of the city's rare earths are deep processed, rather than just being mined and sold, said Zhang Yuanzhong, a senior official from the city, at the forum.
They included a 255-kilowatt fuel cell engine for commercial vehicles and a 300-kW graphite stack.
So far, lithium has mainly come from Australia and Chile, cobalt from DR Congo, and graphite from China.
Under the agreement, Sinyuan becomes the exclusive graphite materials supplier for Ballard's bipolar plates, and the two parties will work together to promote the popularity and application of fuel cells.
"Being an important material supplier and partner of Ballard Power Systems shows the appreciation for Sinyuan's graphite bipolar plate material quality.
Higher production costs compared to lithium-ion batteries are a hindrance, but Sinyuan's strengths in graphite material production, research and development will help greatly lower costs, Yuan said.
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