multilateral 

12528
CET6IELTS
单词释义
adj.多边的,多国的,有多条边的,有多个部分的
词根词缀记忆/谐音联想记忆 补充/纠错
词根词缀
multi 多 + later 侧面,边 + al …的→ 多边的,多方面的 → multilateral adj.[数] 多边的;多国的,多国参加的
谐音记忆马蹄来… * → multilateral adj.[数] 多边的;多国的,多国参加的
对比记忆
unilateral adj.单边的… * → multilateral adj.[数] 多边的;多国的,多国参加的
对比记忆
unilateral 单边的
… * → multilateral adj.[数] 多边的;多国的,多国参加的
词组和短语补充/纠错
multilateral compensation 多边赔偿
multilateral agreement on tax matters 多边税务协定
multilateral trade 多边贸易
a multilateral trade system 多边贸易体系
growth of multilateral organizations 多边组织的增长
multilateral diplomacy 多边外交
multilateral mechanisms 多边机制
the world's multilateral trading system 世界多边贸易体系
multilateral diplomatic activities 多边外交活动
multilateral science and technology cooperation 多边科学技术合作
单词例句
This party supports multilateral disarmament.
这个党支持多边裁军。
Eric believes that the rules were susceptible to the multilateral approach.
埃里克认为规则容易受到多边主义的影响。
In this sense, the WTO is a multilateral institution.
从这个意义上说,世贸组织是多边机构。
The United Nations is a multilateral organization that promotes international cooperation and peace.
联合国是一个促进国际合作与和平的多边组织。
Multilateral trade negotiations aim to reduce barriers to trade among several countries simultaneously.
多边贸易谈判旨在同时减少多个国家之间的贸易壁垒。
The Paris Agreement on climate change is a landmark multilateral effort to address global warming.
《巴黎气候变化协定》是应对全球变暖的标志性多边努力。
Multilateral development banks provide financial assistance to developing countries for infrastructure projects.
多边开发银行为发展中国家的基础设施项目提供资金援助。
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is responsible for overseeing and enforcing multilateral trade agreements.
世界贸易组织(WTO)负责监督和执行多边贸易协定。
Multilateral diplomacy involves negotiations and cooperation among three or more nations to resolve issues of common concern.
多边外交涉及三个或更多国家之间就共同关心的问题进行谈判与合作。
The G20 summit serves as a platform for multilateral discussions on global economic issues.
G20峰会是讨论全球经济问题的多边讨论平台。
Multilateral environmental agreements, like the Montreal Protocol, have been successful in addressing global environmental challenges.
像《蒙特利尔议定书》这样的多边环境协议在应对全球环境挑战方面取得了成功。
Participating in multilateral military exercises helps strengthen international partnerships and improve interoperability.
参加多边军事演习有助于加强国际伙伴关系并提高协同作战能力。
The World Health Organization facilitates multilateral cooperation in combating pandemics and improving global health.
世界卫生组织促进在抗击大流行病和改善全球健康方面的多边合作。
They are counting on opportunities generated by multilateral and bilateral free-trade deals as well as fast-growing business sectors to ensure stable financial returns, said Liang Jun, president of the Guangdong Association of State-owned Capital.
广东省国有资本协会会长梁军表示,他们正指望多边和双边自由贸易协议以及快速增长的商业部门带来的机会来确保稳定的财务回报。
As China continues to press ahead with industrial innovation, and promote multilateral trade initiatives and pilot free trade zones, many MNCs are seeking to reorient their role in the country's new growth pattern, underscoring their long-term confidence in operating in China, said Cui Fan, a professor of economics at the University of International Business and Economics in Beijing.
北京对外经济贸易大学经济学教授崔凡表示,随着中国继续推进产业创新,推动多边贸易倡议和自由贸易试验区,许多跨国公司正在寻求调整其在中国新增长模式中的角色,突显出他们对在华经营的长期信心。
Fueled by new opening-up measures, industrial upgrading boom, high-standard business platforms and multilateral trade initiatives, such as the annual China International Import Expo and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement, the actual use of foreign direct investment in China expanded 14.4 percent year-on-year to 1.09 trillion yuan ($154.45 billion) between January and October, data from the Ministry of Commerce showed.
在新的开放措施、产业升级热潮、高标准商业平台和多边贸易倡议的推动下,如一年一度的中国国际进口博览会和区域全面经济伙伴关系协定,商务部的数据显示,1月至10月,中国实际使用外商直接投资1.09万亿元人民币(1544.5亿美元),同比增长14.4%。
As a firm advocate and facilitator of global trade, the executive said that free trade and multilateral cooperation are the best ways to promote common prosperity and inclusive growth.
作为全球贸易的坚定倡导者和推动者,这位高管表示,自由贸易和多边合作是促进共同繁荣和包容性增长的最佳途径。
"We see that amid all changes and uncertainties in global markets, China's determination to continuously open up has remained unchanged over the past years," he said, adding that greater market openness has a positive impact on sustainable social and economic development in China, and also helps revitalize the global economy, address climate change and improve the multilateral trading environment.
他说:“我们看到,在全球市场的所有变化和不确定性中,中国持续开放的决心在过去几年中保持不变。”他补充说,更大的市场开放对中国社会和经济的可持续发展产生了积极影响,也有助于振兴全球经济,应对气候变化,改善多边贸易环境。
Corporate executives from a number of central SOEs said that these opportunities are clear signs of the nation's efforts to achieve a higher standard of opening-up, seek a higher-level of multilateral cooperation, while leaning more on innovation to mitigate the disruption caused by the pandemic and support global recovery.
一些中央国有企业的企业高管表示,这些机会清楚地表明,中国努力实现更高标准的开放,寻求更高水平的多边合作,同时更加依靠创新来缓解疫情造成的破坏,支持全球复苏。
Ren Hongbin, vice-chairman of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council, said central SOEs should firmly defend the multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization at its core, actively participate in the formulation of international economic and trade rules, and strive to maintain the stability of global industrial and supply chains.
国务院国有资产监督管理委员会副主席任宏斌表示,中央企业要坚定捍卫以世界贸易组织为核心的多边贸易体制,积极参与国际经贸规则的制定,努力维护全球产业链和供应链的稳定。
Other US corporate executives said greater market openness will continue to have a positive impact on sustainable socioeconomic growth in China, and help revitalize the global economy, address climate change and improve the multilateral trading environment.
其他美国企业高管表示,更大的市场开放度将继续对中国的可持续社会经济增长产生积极影响,并有助于振兴全球经济、应对气候变化和改善多边贸易环境。
"As the expected implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement will generate fresh momentum for China and its partners to boost multilateral trade soon, we will definitely build a well-developed sales network in the Asia-Pacific region," she said, noting the company will continue to open new stores in Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam and other Southeast Asian markets, so local consumers can buy its products directly.
她说,随着《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》预期即将实施,将为中国及其合作伙伴进一步推动多边贸易注入新动力,公司肯定会在这个亚太地区建立一个发达的销售网络,并将继续在泰国、马来西亚、菲律宾、印尼、越南等东南亚市场开设新店,让当地消费者可以直接购买其产品。
As China is still regarded a middle-income country, hundreds of millions of people have the potential to increase their personal income substantially, given the prospects for sustained economic growth in the era of bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements, and the dual-circulation development pattern.
鉴于在双边和多边自由贸易协定时代以及双循环发展格局下持续经济增长的前景,作为仍被视为中等收入国家的中国,数以亿计的人口拥有大幅增加个人收入的潜力。
Luen Thai's goal is to tap growth opportunities arising from China's new development strategy and big-ticket multilateral free trade deals like the RCEP, said a senior executive of the company.
该公司的一位高级管理人员说,联泰的目标是利用中国新发展战略以及《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》等大型多边自由贸易协议带来的增长机遇。
With China and its partners building more multilateral trading platforms to boost the world's economic growth, Lubrizol Corp, the United States-based specialty chemical product manufacturer, pledged to invest more in its manufacturing and innovation businesses in China during the country's 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-25) period, said a senior executive.
随着中国及其合作伙伴正在建设更多的多边贸易平台以推动全球经济增长,美国特种化学品制造商Lubrizol Corp表示,该公司将在“十四五”(2021-25年)期间加大在中国的生产和创新业务投资。一位高管如是说。
Chinese enterprises are expected to achieve more stable and longer-term development in overseas markets this year, utilizing opportunities brought by the recent breakthroughs in multilateral cooperation and overseas investment agreements, according to experts.
专家表示,利用最近多边合作和海外投资协议取得突破带来的机遇,中国企业在海外市场的开发今年有望实现更稳定、更长期的发展。
The firm's overseas investment outlook is based on what is widely regarded as the biggest achievement last year-China-fostered multilateral international cooperation.
这家公司的海外投资展望是基于去年被认为是最重要成就的基础上的——由中国推动的多边国际合作。
"The challenge in education is so large that we need all of us, global multilateral funds and empowered local community leaders, nation state resources and agile philanthropy, researchers and activists, all playing our part in concert," said Julia Gillard, former prime minister of Australia and chair of Global Partnership for Education.
“教育领域的挑战如此巨大,需要我们所有人、全球多边基金和赋权的地方社区领袖、国家资源以及灵活的慈善事业、研究人员和活动人士齐心协力,共同发挥作用,”澳大利亚前总理、全球教育合作组织主席茱莉亚·吉拉德(Julia Gillard)表示。
Wang Bin, vice-president of Power Construction Corp of China, or PowerChina, said the signing of the RCEP agreement is an encouraging move to highlight multilateral cooperation, openness, free trade and investment.
中国能建集团副总经理王斌表示,RCEP协议的签署是彰显多边合作、开放、自由贸易和投资的鼓舞人心之举。
Chou stressed that multilateral trade is still an irresistible trend.
With over 8,000 employees globally, Juneyao plans to play a bigger role in advancing transportation services for long-term multilateral cooperation in markets related to the Belt and Road Initiative.
According to him, multilateral cooperation is based on meeting the demands of different sides.
Ning Gaoning, ChemChina's chairman, said the CIIE is an important platform for China to safeguard the multilateral trade system and support economic globalization.
We hope governments will, in the end, resolve trade disagreements through sustained multilateral dialogue and in respect of WTO rules.
It will also continue to explore the establishment of bilateral and multilateral funds, Ju said.
"The FSB and standard setting bodies will monitor risks very closely and in a coordinated fashion, and consider additional multilateral responses as needed," he added.
Group chairman stresses need for multilateral ways of engagementEmphasis on quality over quantity of projects and multilateral ways of engagement are two critical talking points for the Belt and Road Initiative, which has entered into a new stage, said Jose Vinals, group chairman of Standard Chartered Plc.
"I was also inspired by his remarks on the importance of a multilateral approach to the Belt and Road Initiative, bringing on different parties to contribute something important.
The bank has worked with the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency of the World Bank Group to provide political risk insurance to Belt and Road projects.
China COSCO Shipping Corp, China's State-owned shipping and logistics giant, calls for multilateral benefits in its overseas business in economies involved in the Belt and Road Initiative, said the company's chairman.
Thus, Xu said the key was to achieve multilateral benefits for the parties involved.
"He also said that China considers it in line with the fundamental interests of all parties to safeguard multilateral cooperation with win-win results and maintain an open and inclusive market environment.
By applying blockchain technology, it builds a multilateral alliance chain to make sure the underlying asset data that enters the asset pool is real and cash flow is truly distributed in the pool.
China Southern said it would "explore the possibilities to establish new partnerships with advanced airlines, promote bilateral and multilateral cooperation and provide quality services to passengers around the world.
"We also appeal to the Chinese government departments concerned to conduct bilateral or multilateral negotiations with foreign countries to tackle the rise of trade protectionism.
We respect China's role as a champion of the multilateral trading system.
The Belt and Road Initiative is reshaping global trade that enables significant regional economic growth, driving multilateral trade, accelerating infrastructure construction and increasing connectivity.
They are already looking at how China, the Asian region and the world can cooperate and make better use of bilateral and multilateral approaches to deliver all important regional infrastructure.
他们已经在探讨中国、亚洲地区以及全球如何能够通过双边和多边方式更好地合作,以提供至关重要的区域基础设施。
Multilateral groups, such as the B20 as you can imagine, are watching the progress closely.
The partnerships in technology and innovation, which will be built between China and other economies, will provide a good foundation for multilateral cooperation.
The NDB, a multilateral financial institution set up by BRICS, which is made up of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, formally opened in Shanghai in July 2015.
An economics graduate from the University of Pennsylvania, Lee said Scoot plans to play a bigger role in advancing transportation services this year for multilateral cooperation in countries and regions participating in the Belt and Road Initiative.
"Such strength will help make multilateral cooperation a success.
Calls for multilateralismCommending China's role in defending the multilateral trading system, Okonjo-Iweala said, "China, from the standpoint of the WTO, has been a strong supporter of the multilateral trading system and multilateralism.
"China has been not only a beneficiary of the multilateral trading system, but also beneficial to the multilateral trading system, she added.
Okonjo-Iweala also called on WTO members to abide by the global rules of trade, "which we would like to see everyone work together on in a multilateral system.
"Every member of the organization should work within the multilateral rules of trade, she said.
Talking about the European Union's (EU) role in securing trade that would recover global growth, EU Commissioner for Trade Valdis Dombrovskis said the 27-member bloc is committed to preserving a rules-based multilateral trading system.
With the China-Nicaragua FTA — China's 21st free trade deal with another country — taking effect on Monday, they said multilateral and bilateral FTAs can be powerful tools to boost China's foreign trade.
Zhou Zhigao, deputy head of competition coordination at the SAMR, said China is also actively driving an institutional environment of fair competition for multilateral and bilateral free trade, and has set up a special chapter on competition policy in free trade agreements with seven economies that are involved in the BRI and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, such as Serbia and Ecuador.
It has also sounded a clarinet for globalization and multilateral cooperation, and made equal dialogue, understanding, inclusiveness and cooperation among different civilizations the main theme," he said.
Countries around the world should work together, respect each other's cultural differences, reserve space for communication and dialogue, and actively engage in multilateral cooperation.
China is expected to play an important role in promoting reforms at the World Trade Organization and ensuring practical outcomes at the multilateral trade body's 13th Ministerial Conference next year, officials and trade experts said on Tuesday.
Only when key WTO members discard a zero-sum, Cold War mentality and firmly uphold win-win multilateralism can reforms of the multilateral trading system become successful and benefit world economic growth, they said at the two-day 22nd Annual Conference on the WTO and China, which kicked off both online and offline on Tuesday.
China has been firmly promoting necessary WTO reforms, Han said, citing examples like the key role the country has played for the organization to successfully conclude negotiations on the text of the world's first multilateral investment agreement, known as the Investment Facilitation for Development.
Yi said Asian economies share a common aspiration to revitalize the multilateral trading system through reforms and guide the global economy back to the right track of economic globalization.
"With trade, frictions and geopolitical tensions on the rise, the strategic and operational importance of the rules-based multilateral trading system cannot be understated," Denton said.
There is no alternative to the rules-based multilateral trading system, which stands as a necessity," Denton said.
During his meeting with Marcio Rosa, deputy minister and executive secretary of Brazil's Ministry of Development, Industry, Commerce and Services in Beijing, Wang Shouwen, China's international trade representative and vice-minister of commerce, said these moves will help both countries better uphold the multilateral trading system, safeguard the interests of developing countries, make new contributions to global economic recovery and stability of industrial and supply chains.
Apart from welcoming more Chinese companies to invest in its market, Brazil is willing to strengthen strategic collaboration and communication coordination with China within multilateral frameworks, including the G20, to contribute to a more equitable and balanced development, said Rosa.
To achieve this, China has signed over 230 BRI cooperation agreements with more than 150 countries and 30 international organizations in the past decade, and set up over 20 multilateral cooperation platforms in specialized fields such as investment, science and technology, and people's livelihoods.
The meeting focused on topics such as supporting the multilateral trade system, regional economic integration, supply chain cooperation, digital economy and promoting inclusivity and sustainable trade and investment, the Ministry of Commerce said in an online statement on Thursday.
With an open attitude, APEC should push for the goals set forth in joint statements and initiatives, such as investment facilitation, and integrate them into a multilateral framework, he added.
China has been playing a stellar role in safeguarding the multilateral trading system.
"Zhao Zhongxiu, president of the UIBE, said as manufacturing giants and global economic powerhouses, both China and the US should strengthen cooperation to promote and enhance the multilateral trading system and the global economy.
Robert Koopman, former chief economist and director of the Economic Research and Statistics Division of the WTO, said China is a very active and very positive force in the multilateral trading system, and has significantly moved up the value chains.
The two sides exchanged views on deepening bilateral trade and investment cooperation, maintaining the stability of industrial and supply chains, and strengthening regional and multilateral economic and trade cooperation, the statement said.
The meeting focused on discussing topics such as supporting the multilateral trade system, regional economic integration, supply chain cooperation, digital economy, and promoting inclusivity and sustainable trade and investment, the Ministry of Commerce said in an online statement on Thursday.
With an open attitude, APEC should push for the goals set forth in joint statements and initiatives, such as investment facilitation, and integrate them into a multilateral framework.
Zhao Ping, dean of the academy at the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, said multilateral mechanisms for economic cooperation and free trade deals, such as APEC, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement, and the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific, are practical in promoting free trade and consolidating the achievements of globalization.
At the meeting, China, building upon proposals made in March and June this year, submitted a proposal with focuses on specific policy matters related to CBAM, suggesting several issues that need in-depth multilateral discussions, Xinhua reported.
Multilateral discussions on this matter should ensure an open, non-discriminatory, and fair multilateral trade system that aligns with the protection of the environment and sustainable development, achieving a balance between environmental protection and economic development, reported Xinhua, citing Chinese delegates at the WTO meeting.
Multilateral trading system to combat unilateralism, protectionism in focusAll countries should promote the multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization at its core, given multiple challenges like geopolitical tensions, rising protectionism and climate change, government officials and experts said on Monday.
Ling Ji, vice-minister of commerce and China's deputy international trade representative, stressed that efforts to promote openness and the multilateral trading system are needed as unilateralism and protectionism have been on the rise in recent years.
"China is always a staunch supporter of the multilateral trading system, and we have taken practical and concrete actions to uphold the multilateral trading system and its rules," he said, adding the country will align with high-standard international economic and trade rules.
Tim Yeend, associate secretary of Australia's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, said global economic uncertainties, geopolitical tensions and concerns about energy security and food security have "really placed new and mounting challenges on the multilateral system".
The reform of the multilateral trading system is "an absolutely central consideration" for the 13th WTO ministerial conference in February, he said.
The US has consistently sought to build a consensus on countering China through various small multilateral mechanisms like the US-Japan-India-Australia, US-Japan-Australia, and US-Japan-India groupings, causing turbulence in China's neighboring regions, eroding its strategic trust with neighboring countries, and raising the political and strategic costs for its Asian competitor in engaging in regional affairs and global governance.
China will continue to promote greater inclusiveness and sharing of opening up, Li said, adding that the multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization (WTO) at its core is the cornerstone of economic globalization and free trade, as well as an important guarantee for the steady recovery of the world economy.
China will always stand on the right side of history, follow the logic of progress of the times, firmly oppose unilateralism and protectionism, resolutely uphold the authority and effectiveness of the multilateral trading system, fully and deeply participate in the reform of the WTO and promote the early entry into force of the Investment Facilitation for Development agreement, he stressed.
The IFF serves as a platform for dialogue and multilateral cooperation, established by financial leaders from more than 20 countries and regions as well as leaders of international organizations, including the IMF.
Hainan has geographical, industrial, cultural and institutional advantages in carrying out marine ranching cooperation and promoting multilateral oceanic governance (blue partnerships) with ASEAN members, according to Cheng Mengke, a partner at the Grandall Law Firm in Beijing.
There is an urgent need to strengthen inclusive multilateral collaboration as the world must rise to face the risk of a global economic recession and the shared challenge of climate change, foreign and Chinese experts said on Thursday.
Yi Xiaozhun, former deputy director-general of the World Trade Organization, also stressed at the session the need to further promote multilateral, inclusive collaboration as no economy alone can survive the multiple global crises, including the risk of a global economic recession amid the emergence of regional conflicts.
According to a white paper on BRI cooperation released by China's State Council Information Office, countries and businesses are encouraged to engage through various forms such as bilateral cooperation, third-party market cooperation and multilateral cooperation, thereby creating synergy for development.
根据中国政府国务院新闻办公室发布的关于“一带一路”合作的白皮书,鼓励各国和各类企业通过双边合作、第三方市场合作以及多边合作等多种形式参与其中,从而为发展创造出协同效应。
"Further efforts will also be made to promote the Belt and Road Initiative Tax Administration Cooperation Mechanism, or the BRITACOM, to smoothen trade and improve tax governance capabilities so as to build a multilateral taxation cooperation platform with international influence," Meng said.
Citing data from the International Debt Statistics released by the World Bank in 2022, the Peking University study said that as of 2021, the largest source of external debt for African sovereign financing is multilateral institutions, accounting for 33 percent.
"While some countries may benefit in the short term, in the medium term, all lose," he said, adding that "multilateral cooperation can help reverse some of these headwinds for the world economy".
China Development Bank (CDB) has promoted the establishment of multilateral financial cooperation mechanisms such as China-Central and Eastern Europe Interbank Consortium, the China-Arab Countries Interbank Association, China-ASEAN Interbank Association, the ASEAN Plus Three Interbank Cooperation mechanism, China-Africa Interbank Association, and the Association of China-LAC Development Financial Institutions.
The BRI has actively embraced multilayered bilateral and multilateral cooperation and various regional collaboration platforms ever since it was first established.
自从“一带一路”倡议成立以来,它就积极地接纳和推进多层次的双边与多边合作,并且在各种区域合作平台上展开协作。
Within the BRI, it has been China that steadfastly upholds the role of pushing forward economic globalization, promoting trade and investment liberalization, facilitating bilateral, regional and multilateral cooperation, enhancing international policy coordination, collectively creating an international environment conducive to development, nurturing new engines of global growth, and actively supporting the acceleration of development in developing countries.
This is why many BRI projects, through bilateral and multilateral cooperation, have enabled countries to enhance their local infrastructure while involving China in their operation and management.
However, as bilateral and multilateral exchanges deepen, the initiative has entered a new phase, influencing day-to-day lives of people in all Belt and Road countries.
Highlighting the significant role of promoting trade liberalization and facilitation, Guo reaffirmed China's commitment to firmly upholding the multilateral trading system, with the World Trade Organization as its core.
"To boost its growth potential, China must strengthen structural reforms to raise its total factor productivity growth and continue to promote the multilateral trading system through both bilateral and multilateral channels.
"He added that the Beijing-headquartered multilateral development bank has grown from 57 founding members to 106 approved members since it began operation in 2016 with a mission to enhance social and economic progress in Asia and beyond.
The commerce official called on the US to promptly rectify these non-compliant measures, and, in conjunction with other WTO members to uphold a rules-based multilateral trading system.
Given global uncertainties, "RCEP is critical to bolster confidence in the multilateral trading system, post-COVID recovery and regional global economic integration based on win-win principles and mutual benefits", said Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet at the 3rd RCEP Economic and Trade Cooperation Business Summit in Nanning, the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, on Sunday.
"The China-ASEAN partnership is a great example of strengthening multilateral cooperation without leaning toward protectionism, unilateralism or economic nationalism, the officials said.
Third, some countries involved in the BRI have actually aimed to repay their debt to Western governments and multilateral financial institutions by borrowing from China to build infrastructure, since infrastructure projects, which account for about 70 percent of BRI projects, can help them develop their economies and accumulate capital.
Noting that the country is committed to its fundamental national policy of opening to the outside world and pursuing a mutually beneficial strategy of opening-up, Wang stressed that China would further improve the environment for foreign investment and firmly safeguard the multilateral trading regime.
Moreover, the enlargement will also facilitate communication and cooperation, and help the member economies to be better heard by the global community within multilateral institutions, such as the Group of 20, the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations.
Amid recent fluctuations in international dynamics, the admission of Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Iran reflects a common desire among energy-exporting economies in the Middle East to engage in new cooperation patterns and shared interests through multilateral platforms.
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