n.伪书，伪作；冒名作品

A pseudograph is a graph that may have multiple edges or self-loops.
伪图可能有多重边或自环。
In a pseudograph, an edge can connect a vertex to itself.
在伪图中，一条边可以连接一个顶点到自身。
The concept of a pseudograph is useful in modeling various real-world situations.
伪图的概念在模拟各种现实世界的情况时很有用。
A pseudograph can be used to represent a network with feedback loops.
伪图可以用来表示包含反馈回路的网络。
In a pseudograph, parallel edges are allowed between any two vertices.
在伪图中，任意两个顶点之间允许有平行边。
A pseudograph can have isolated vertices with no edges connected to them.
伪图可以有孤立的顶点，没有与它们相连的边。
A pseudograph can also have multiple self-loops on the same vertex.
伪图也可以在同一顶点上有多个自环。
The degree of a vertex in a pseudograph includes both incoming and outgoing edges.
伪图中一个顶点的度包括所有入边和出边。
A pseudograph can be directed or undirected, depending on the presence of directed edges.
伪图可以是有向的或无向的，这取决于是否有有向边。
Pseudographs are commonly used in computer science for representing complex systems.
伪图在计算机科学中常用于表示复杂系统。