六级Direct subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price: they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to over-use fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmospheric greenhouse gases without regard to the collateral ( ' , 附带的) costs.

一些政府已经采取了对研发的直接补贴，但这并不能很好地替代碳价格：它们只做了部分工作，留下了过度使用化石燃料的市场激励，从而在不考虑抵押品的情况下增加了大气温室气体存量（“，附带的) 成本。

2017年6月阅读原文

六级Direct subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price: they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to over-use fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmo

一些政府已经采取了对研发的直接补贴，但这并不能很好地替代碳价格：它们只做了部分工作，留下了过度使用化石燃料的市场激励，从而增加了atmo的存量

2017年6月六级真题（第一套）阅读 Section B

六级When considering the amount of insurance for the mother with dependent children, substitute child care is a need that should be planned for until the children can care for themselves.

在考虑有受抚养子女的母亲的保险金额时，应计划替代儿童保育，直到子女能够照顾自己。

2017年12月六级真题（第二套）听力 Section C

四级The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting, says Reimann.

Reimann说，参与者愿意用食物的一部分来代替相对较少的奖金，这一事实很有趣。

2016年12月阅读原文

四级"The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting," says Reimann.

Reimann说：“参与者愿意用食物的一部分来代替相对较少的奖金，这一事实很有趣。”。

2016年12月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section C

考研Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.

忠实的音乐会观众回答说录音不能代替现场表演，他们没有抓住要点。

2011年考研阅读原文

高考If we substitute a number for each letter, the message "meet me" would read 13 5 5 20 13 5.

如果我们用一个数字代替每封信，信息“meet me”将改为13 5 5 20 13 5。

2016年高考英语全国卷1 阅读理解 七选五 原文

四级Maybe each computer should come with the warning: for all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.

也许每台计算机都应该有一个警告：尽管这台计算机可以提供所有帮助，但它不应该被视为基本思维和推理技能的替代品。

1989年1月英语四级真题

四级There is no acceptable substitute for competition and examination of quality.

竞争和质量检查是无可替代的。

1991年1月英语四级真题

四级The concept of “environment” is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute.

“环境”的概念当然很难理解，甚至可能被误解；但我们没有方便的替代品。

1996年1月大学英语四级(CET-4)真题

四级“The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting,” says Reimann.

Reimann说：“参与者愿意用一部分食物来代替一个相对较小的金钱奖励，这一事实很有趣。”。

2016年12月大学英语四级真题（第3套）

考研In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.

在与一些科学家，特别是年轻的科学家交谈时，你可能会得到这样的印象，即他们发现“科学方法”可以代替想象思维。

1999年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题