n.内含子，基因内区

The intron is a non-coding sequence within a gene that is transcribed but later spliced out during the process of RNA maturation.
这个非编码序列在基因中，被转录但随后在RNA成熟过程中被剪切掉。
Intron sequences are typically flanked by conserved splice sites, which are recognized by the spliceosome to facilitate their removal.
内含子序列通常由保守的剪接位点包围，这些位点被剪接体识别以帮助其去除。
During intron retention, an intron remains intact in the mature mRNA, leading to a potentially functional non-coding RNA.
在内含子保留中，内含子保留在成熟的mRNA中，可能导致功能性非编码RNA的产生。
Mutations in introns can sometimes have unpredictable effects on protein function, as they might alter splicing or create new regulatory elements.
内含子中的突变有时会对蛋白质功能产生不可预测的影响，因为它们可能改变剪接或创建新的调控元件。
The study of introns has provided insights into the evolution of eukaryotic genes and the role of non-coding DNA in gene regulation.
对内含子的研究揭示了真核基因的进化以及非编码DNA在基因调控中的作用。
Alternative splicing, where different combinations of introns are included or excluded from the final mRNA, contributes to protein diversity in multicellular organisms.
多样性剪接，即不同内含子组合被包含或排除在最终mRNA中，增加了多细胞生物中蛋白质的多样性。
Intron analysis tools, such as BLAT and Infernal, are used by biologists to identify and analyze intron structures in genomic sequences.
生物学家使用的BLAT和Infernal等工具用于识别和分析基因组序列中的内含子结构。
Gene editing technologies like CRISPR allow scientists to precisely target and remove specific introns, enabling research on their function and potential therapeutic applications.
基因编辑技术如CRISPR使科学家能够精确定位并移除特定的内含子，从而研究其功能及其潜在的治疗应用。
The presence or absence of introns can be diagnostic markers for certain genetic disorders, helping in disease diagnosis and classification.
内含子的存在与否可以作为某些遗传疾病的诊断标志，有助于疾病诊断和分类。
Intron-rich genes are often associated with complex regulatory networks and may play a crucial role in developmental processes.
内含子丰富的基因通常与复杂的调控网络相关，可能在发育过程中发挥关键作用。