考研Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored anti-smoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.

普利策奖获得者罗森博格提供了一系列社会治疗的实例：在南卡罗来纳州，一个名为“愤怒对抗烟霾”的州赞助反吸烟项目开始让香烟变得不酷。

四级Even so, relatively few young women 15% say they have been discriminated against at work because of their gender.

即便如此，相对较少的年轻女性（15%）表示她们在工作中因性别而受到歧视。

四级This finding supported ConAgra’s decision to position the product against other high quality frozen dinners, rather than as a diet or health food.

这一发现支持了康尼格拉的决定，即将该产品与其他高质量冷冻晚餐相比较，而不是作为一种饮食或健康食品。

六级David Mallen, associate director of the Council of Better Business Bureau, said in the last two years the organization had seen an increase in the number of claims companies were bringing against each other for false or misleading environmental product claims.

更好的商业局理事会副主任大卫·马伦（David Mallen）表示，在过去两年中，该组织发现，因虚假或误导性环境产品索赔而相互起诉的公司数量有所增加。

高考Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment.

反对电视的另一个论点是它取代了阅读作为一种娱乐形式。

考研This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, but an average guy, up against the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.

这不是一个志愿兵，不是一个高薪的人，而是一个普通人，面对着几百年来最训练有素、装备最好、最凶猛、最残暴的敌人。

六级But that's the negative side, with risks that must be balanced against the benefits of sharing.

但这是消极的一面，风险必须与分享的好处相平衡。

四级Isn't this the same crowd that rails against processed junk and champions craft cooking? And isn't this the generation who say they're concerned about their health and the well-being of the planet? If these are truly the values of many young people, then their behavior doesn't match their beliefs.

这不正是反对加工垃圾和支持手工烹饪的人群吗？这一代人不是说他们关心自己的健康和地球的福祉吗？如果这些确实是许多年轻人的价值观，那么他们的行为与他们的信仰不符。

高考We have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.

我们还没有发明一种可以抵御普通人的防火墙，更不用说超级智能机器了。

考研Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch.

后来，更多的老牌公司争先恐后地将这些专利添加到他们的档案中，哪怕只是为了防御可能会击败他们的竞争对手。

四级against too much government interference in the economy

反对政府对经济的过多干预

考研Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents'monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's.

批评家们对基因专利提出了三个主要论点：基因是自然的产物，所以它可能没有专利；基因专利抑制创新而不是奖励创新；专利的垄断限制了像Myriad这样的基因检测。

六级Our customers come in and enjoy their food and drinks, while little rabbits play about and brush against their legs.

我们的顾客进来享用他们的食物和饮料，而小兔子则在他们的腿上玩耍和刷牙。

考研Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work against the disappearance of the paper system.

虽然电子支付手段可能比基于纸张的支付系统更有效，但有几个因素不利于纸张系统的消失。

四级Students of different races are prejudiced against each other

不同种族的学生彼此有偏见

四级In the second experiment meant to pit the mice's hunger against their fear, hungry mice were placed in a cage that had certain "fox-scented" areas and other places that smelled safer but also had food.

在第二个实验中，饥饿的老鼠被放在一个笼子里，笼子里有“狐狸味”的区域，其他地方闻起来更安全，但也有食物。

高考As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back.

因此，在过去二十年左右的时间里，许多人开始相信，今天发生的任何变化都是巨大的技术进步的结果，与之相反，就像试图让时钟倒转一样。

考研The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.

这些资深医生支持这些激进的举措，特别是呼吁使用过去十年来针对吸烟采取的一些强硬策略，食品行业将对此感到震惊。

四级A stable family is the best protection against poverty.

稳定的家庭是消除贫困的最佳保障。

六级In 2008 and 2009, class-action lawsuits ( ' , 集体诉讼) were filed against SC Johnson for using Greenlist labels on its cleaning products.

在2008年和2009年，集体诉讼（'，集体诉讼) 因在清洁产品上使用绿名单标签而被起诉。

六级He spoke out against the idea of white and black as distinct groups, claiming that these distinctions ignored the scope of human diversity.

他公开反对白人和黑人作为不同群体的观点，声称这些区别忽视了人类多样性的范围。

考研Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese.

教师、雇主和卫生专业人员对肥胖者怀有偏见。

六级In 2008 and 2009, class-action lawsuits were filed against SC Johnson for using "Greenlist" labels on its cleaning products.

2008年和2009年，SC Johnson因在其清洁产品上使用“绿名单”标签而被提起集体诉讼。

四级Within the wider business world, a man who liked to see himself as a hippy （嬉皮士）, permanently in revolt against big companies, ended up being hailed by many of those corporate giants as one of the greatest chief executives of his time

在更广阔的商业世界里，一个喜欢把自己看作嬉皮士的人(嬉皮士）, 长期反对大公司，最终被许多公司巨头誉为他那个时代最伟大的首席执行官之一

高考Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.

英国政府针对不安全网站发出警告。

四级They want to protect themselves against medical disputes.

他们想保护自己不受医疗纠纷的影响。

六级We have no chance of competing against machines on frequent high-volume tasks, but there are things we can do that machines cannot.

我们没有机会在频繁的高容量任务上与机器竞争，但有些事情我们可以做，而机器却做不到。

高考If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.

如果我们不小心，那么，我们可能会面临一场全球性的国际象棋比赛，对手是意志坚定的超级智能机器，它们的目标与我们自己的目标相冲突，现实世界就是棋盘。

考研Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal.

在游说团体的压力下，乔治·奥斯本支持农村新建筑，反对城市改造和更新。

四级Even so, relatively few young women 16% say they have been discriminated against at work because of their gender.

即便如此，相对较少的年轻女性（16%）表示她们在工作中因性别而受到歧视。

考研He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets.

他喜欢城外的购物场所，而不喜欢大街。

考研The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests.

美国财务会计准则委员会和国际会计准则委员会正是如此，清理了股票期权和养老金方面的规则，例如针对特殊利益集团的敌意。

高考There, sitting in the shade against its strong trunk, I read my books, ate my candy and drank my orange juice.

在那里，我靠着它结实的树干坐在树荫下看书，吃糖果，喝橙汁。

高考It was all about the battle against my own body and mind.

这一切都是关于与我自己的身体和思想的斗争。

四级That means making some difficult decisions with elderly patients, and going against the misguided belief that when it comes to health care, more is always better

这意味着要对老年患者做出一些困难的决定，并且要反对一种错误的信念，即在医疗保健方面，越多越好

四级Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.

高说，她警告说，不要根据任何一项研究进行任何概括，并指出，学生的更多背景特征需要研究和解释。

四级a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that we compete against market transitions ( ' , 过渡), not competitors.

一位电子产品领域的全球领先者表示，我们要与市场转型竞争（“，过渡), 不是竞争对手。

考研Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.

一项最新民调发现，在经济和人口结构急剧变化的背景下，美国年轻人正在绘制一幅新的21世纪成功路线图。

六级The researchers explained that the study demonstrated when we are in a novel environment the brain partly remains alert so that humans can defend themselves against any potential danger.

研究人员解释说，这项研究表明，当我们处于一种新的环境中时，大脑部分保持警觉，以便人类能够抵御任何潜在的危险。

四级If she has a heart condition, I'd recommend against it.

如果她有心脏病，我建议她不要。

高考To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other.

为了取暖，水手坐在火炉前，赤着一只脚蹭着另一只脚。

四级At the end of the day, these kinds of systems are primarily designed to protect against the sort of opportunistic smash-and-grab attack that makes up the majority of burglaries.

归根结底，这类系统主要是为了防止构成大多数盗窃案的机会主义捣毁和抢夺攻击。

四级Its effects on the global economy go against existing economic laws.

它对全球经济的影响违反了现有的经济法。

六级The millennium Ecosystem Assessment, a vast four-year global study which reported its initial conclusions earlier this year, found reasons to believe that managing ecosystems sustainably—working with nature rather than against it—might be less profitable

《千年生态系统评估》（millennium Economic Assessment）是一项为期四年的大型全球研究，今年早些时候报告了其初步结论。该研究发现，有理由相信，以可持续方式管理生态系统，而不是与自然协同工作，可能利润较低

六级The passive attitude we have to climate change as individuals can be altered by counting us in—and measuring us against—our peer group.

作为个体，我们对气候变化的消极态度可以通过将我们计算在内并对照我们的同龄人群体来改变。

六级Many countries are racing against each other to increase their business and strategic influence on Antarctica.

许多国家正在相互竞争，以增加它们在南极洲的商业和战略影响力。

考研Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.

佛蒙特州参议院去年以26票对4票反对通过了延长投票期限的议案，因因因内瑞的行为而愤怒。

四级His firm determination to win in the competition against his rivals.

他在与对手的竞争中获胜的坚定决心。

四级With the percentage of people over age 65 expected to nearly double by 2050, it's important to weigh the health benefits of screening against the risks and costs of routine testing.

预计到2050年，65岁以上人口的比例将增加近一倍，因此重要的是权衡筛查对健康的好处与常规检测的风险和成本。

高考According to the author, polluting industries should fight against carbon pollution.

作者认为，污染行业应该与碳污染作斗争。

四级Internet gamers spend countless hours competing in games against people from all over the world.

网络游戏玩家花费无数的时间在游戏中与来自世界各地的人竞争。

四级John Chambers, chairman of cisco Systems Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that "we compete against market transitions, not competitors."

全球电子产品领导者思科系统公司（cisco Systems Inc.）董事长约翰·钱伯斯（John Chambers）表示，“我们的竞争对手是市场转型，而不是竞争对手。”

四级They need to immunise teams against group-think: Hackman argued that the best ones contain"deviants" who are willing to do something that may be upsetting to others.

他们需要让团队不受集体思维的影响：哈克曼认为，最好的团队中有“越轨者”，他们愿意做一些可能会让其他人感到不安的事情。

考研The court's ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

法院的裁决是在打击腐败和官员偏袒方面向前迈出的一步。

六级The studies also ran up against many methodological challenges, the biggest of which centered on the old statistical saying, "Correlation does not equal causation."

这些研究还遇到了许多方法上的挑战，其中最大的挑战集中在古老的统计谚语“相关性不等于因果关系”上

高考This led to some painful experiences on Saturday as they played against teams better trained.

这导致了一些痛苦的经历，在周六他们与训练更好的球队比赛。

六级The commission's revised "Green Guides" warn against using labels that make broad claims, like "eco-friendly".

委员会的修订版“绿色指南”警告不要使用“环保”等广泛宣称的标签。

考研Enraged by Entergy's behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.

佛蒙特州参议院去年以26票对4票反对通过了延长投票期限的议案，因因因内瑞的行为而愤怒。

考研It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.

正是在这种背景下，信息专员伊丽莎白·德纳姆（Elizabeth Denham）对英国国家医疗服务体系（NHS）下属的皇家自由医院信托基金（Royal Free hospital trust）做出了谴责性的裁决，该基金将1年的记录移交给了DeepMind。

四级This finding supported ConAgra's decision to position the product against other high quality frozen dinners, rather than as a diet or health food.

这一发现支持了康尼格拉的决定，即将该产品与其他高质量冷冻晚餐相比较，而不是作为一种饮食或健康食品。

高考In Julius Caesar, for example, Cassius's sly provocation of Brutus to take up arms against Caesar was the basis for a discussion of methods of team building and grass roots organising.

例如，在朱利叶斯·凯撒（Julius Caesar）一书中，卡修斯狡猾地挑衅布鲁图斯拿起武器对抗凯撒，这是讨论团队建设和基层组织方法的基础。

六级So I started practicing the various practical steps mentioned by the author in the book, and began to revolt against the very idea of being too busy.

因此，我开始练习书中作者提到的各种实际步骤，并开始反对太忙的想法。

六级The most promising strategy has become to harness one foe against the other.

最有希望的战略已经变成利用一个敌人对抗另一个敌人。

四级The author was advised against the improper use of figures of speech.

有人劝作者不要不当使用比喻。

六级Such results may seem surprising against the background of shocking incidents that color the way the mass media portray the young.

在大众媒体描绘年轻人的方式受到震惊的事件影响的背景下，这样的结果似乎令人惊讶。

四级They need to immunise teams against group-think: Hackman argued that the best ones contain deviants ( ' , 离经叛道者) who are willing to do something that may be upsetting to others.

他们需要让团队不受集体思维的影响：哈克曼认为最好的团队包含越轨者（“，离经叛道者) 他们愿意做一些可能会让别人心烦的事情。

高考Misery inspires a man to fight against his fate.

苦难激励一个人与命运抗争。

考研Under lobby pressure，George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal.

在游说团体的压力下，乔治·奥斯本支持农村新建筑，反对城市改造和更新。

四级It is a thing of no great difficulty, according to Plutarch, to raise objections against another man's speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.

根据普鲁塔克的说法，对另一个人的言论提出异议并不困难，这是一件非常容易的事情；但生产更好的替代品是一项极其麻烦的工作。

四级To protect themselves against the cold weather

保护自己不受寒冷天气的影响

六级a basis for explaining human genetic diversityan aid to understanding different populationsan explanation for social and cultural differencesa term to describe individual human characteristicsmodern genetics research is likely to fuel racial conflictsrace is a poorly defined marker of human genetic diversityrace as a biological term can explain human genetic diversitygenetics research should consider social and cultural variablesit is absolutely necessary to put race aside in making diagnosisit is important to include social variables in genetics researchracial categories for genetic diversity could lead to wrong clinical predictionsdiscrimination against black people may cause negligence in clinical treatmentThey be more precise with the language they use.

解释人类遗传多样性的基础有助于理解不同的人群解释社会和文化差异描述人类个体特征的术语现代遗传学研究可能助长种族冲突种族是人类遗传多样性的一个定义不清的标记种族作为一个生物学术语可以解释人类遗传多样性遗传学研究应考虑到社会和文化的差异，在诊断中必须将种族放在一边，在遗传学中包含社会变量是很重要的。研究遗传类别的遗传多样性可能导致错误的临床预测。临床治疗中的疏忽他们使用的语言更加精确。

六级As a journalist, I have competed against NYU, Columbia, and Northeastern graduates for jobs.

作为一名记者，我与纽约大学、哥伦比亚大学和东北大学的毕业生竞争工作。

四级Leah reflects on one incident that triggered her fears, when her investors threatened to shut her down: I was probably up against the most fear I've ever had, she says.

Leah回忆了一次引发她担忧的事件，当时她的投资者威胁要关闭她：我可能遇到了我有史以来最担心的事情，她说。

高考For legal reasons, most restaurants have a policy against giving away food waste.

出于法律原因，大多数餐馆都有禁止赠送食物垃圾的政策。

四级Just when you had figured out how to manage fat in your diet, researchers are now warning against another common mealtime pitfall (陷阱) — salt.

就在你发现如何控制饮食中的脂肪时，研究人员现在警告你不要再犯另一个常见的进餐陷阱(陷阱) — 盐。

四级The biggest concern with robots going against human values is that human beings fail to do sufficient testing and they've produced a system that will break some kind of taboo.

与人类价值观背道而驰的机器人最令人担忧的是，人类无法进行充分的测试，他们已经制造出了一种可以打破某种禁忌的系统。

六级The commission's revised Green Guides warn marketers against using labels that make broad claims, like eco-friendly.

委员会修订后的绿色指南警告营销人员不要使用诸如环保等广泛宣传的标签。

高考It struck me that playing against the other team was a great learning moment for all the girls on the team.

让我吃惊的是，与另一支球队比赛对队里的所有女孩来说都是一个学习的好机会。

四级The elaborate patterns were believed to offer protection against evil.

人们相信这些精心制作的图案可以防止邪恶。

高考It was a tradition for the school's old team to play against the new team at the end of spring practice.

学校的老队在春季训练结束时与新队比赛是一项传统。

考研The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

法院的裁决是在打击腐败和官员偏袒方面向前迈出的一步。

四级The author of this report seems to be against too much government interference in the economy.

这份报告的作者似乎反对政府过多地干预经济。

高考Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders.

此外，大学监控和塑造学生行为的趋势与年轻人的另一个特点背道而驰：受长辈控制的反应。

六级A full 18 percent have even returned devices until they feel they can get safer guarantees against having their sensitive information hacked.

整整18%的人甚至退回了设备，直到他们觉得可以得到更安全的保证，防止敏感信息遭到黑客攻击。

考研Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign against childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.

米歇尔·奥巴马（Michelle Obama）发起了一场针对儿童肥胖的高知名度运动，甚至声称这是我们国家安全的最大威胁。

四级But most importantly, it is against the law.

但最重要的是，这是违法的。

考研The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests.

美国财务会计准则委员会和国际会计准则委员会正是如此，清理了股票期权和养老金方面的规则，以防止特殊利益集团的敌意。

考研But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.

但它已经引发了重大争议，美国贸易代表开始调查该税是否歧视美国公司，这反过来可能导致对法国的贸易制裁。

四级"This finding supported ConAgra's decision to position the product against other high quality frozen dinners, rather than as a diet or health food.

“这一发现支持了康尼格拉的决定，即将该产品与其他高质量冷冻晚餐相比，而不是作为一种饮食或健康食品。

考研This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MTI's Center for Digital Business.

这一论点引起了很多关注，因为埃里克·布林约夫森（Erik Brynjolfsson）和安德鲁·麦卡菲（Andrew McAfee）都来自MTI数字商务中心，他们成功地完成了《与机器的图书竞赛》。

六级The Ebro Delta, in Spain, famous as a battleground during the Spanish civil War, is now the setting for a different contest, one that is pitting rice farmers against two enemies: the rice-eating giant apple snail, and rising sea levels.

西班牙的埃布罗三角洲在西班牙内战期间曾是一个著名的战场，现在它正在进行一场不同的竞赛，一场是让稻农与两个敌人较量：吃大米的巨型苹果蜗牛和海平面上升。

六级A handful of lawsuits have been filed in recent years against companies accused of using misleading environmental labels.

近几年来，针对被指控使用误导性环境标签的公司提起了一些诉讼。

考研Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.

美国财务会计准则委员会（FASB）主席鲍勃·赫兹（Bob Herz）大声反对那些“质疑我们动机”的人。

四级To protest against the poor working conditions.

抗议恶劣的工作条件。

四级Even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate.

即使你的运气不好，婚姻也能给你带来更多的补偿。

四级The findings of the study so against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls.

这项研究的结果与人们普遍认为的相反，当男孩和女孩一起学习时，他们会做得更好。

四级The arguments against physical education have included concerns that gym time may be taking away from study time.

反对体育教育的理由包括担心健身时间可能会占用学习时间。

四级But he cautioned against concluding from this study that all brains are the same, regardless of gender.

但他警告不要从这项研究中得出结论，即所有大脑都是相同的，不管性别如何。

考研The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.

西班牙的案例提供了支持和反对君主制的论据。

高考Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune.

他成年后的大部分时间都在与债务和不幸的斗争中失败。