考研But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.

但许多托运人抱怨说，对于长途运输的重型大宗商品，如煤炭、化学品和粮食，卡车运输成本太高，因此铁路公司对它们穷追不舍。

2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

考研The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company.

铁路行业的巨大整合意味着大多数托运人只由一家铁路公司提供服务。

2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

考研Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.

铁路公司通常向此类“专属”托运人收取比另一条铁路公司竞争业务时高出20%至30%的费用。

2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

考研Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.

觉得自己被多收费的托运人有权向联邦政府的水陆运输委员会上诉，要求减免运费，但这一过程既昂贵又耗时，而且只有在真正极端的情况下才能奏效。

2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

考研Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost.

铁路公司为对专属托运人的费率歧视辩护，理由是从长远来看，这会降低每个人的成本。

2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

考研If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.

他们认为，如果铁路向所有客户收取相同的平均费率，那么可以选择改用卡车或其他形式运输的托运人就会这样做，剩下的客户将承担维持线路的成本。

2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

考研”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.

”经常代表托运人的华盛顿律师Martin Bercovici问道。

2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

考研Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases.

许多受约束的托运人还担心，他们很快就会受到一轮大幅加息的打击。

2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

考研Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.

随着诺福克南方航空公司和CSX加强对市场的控制，许多被俘虏的托运人担心他们会这样做。

2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题