n.内胚层，内皮层，下胚层

The endoderm is the innermost of the three primary germ layers that form during early embryonic development.
内胚层是胚胎发育早期形成的三个主要胚层中最内层的。
In vertebrates, the endoderm gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and the respiratory system.
在脊椎动物中，内胚层发育形成消化道和呼吸系统的内膜。
The endodermal cells secrete mucus and other substances necessary for digestion.
内胚层细胞分泌黏液和其他消化所必需的物质。
During gastrulation, the endoderm invaginates to form the yolk sac, providing the embryo with nourishment.
在囊胚期，内胚层凹陷形成卵黄囊，为胚胎提供营养。
Malformations in the endoderm can lead to birth defects such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
内胚层发育异常可能导致出生缺陷，如先天性膈疝。
The endoderm also contributes to the formation of the liver, pancreas, and thyroid gland.
内胚层还参与肝脏、胰腺和甲状腺的形成。
Endodermal stem cells play a crucial role in tissue regeneration and repair within the body.
内胚层干细胞在体内组织再生和修复中起着关键作用。
Research on endoderm differentiation has led to advancements in regenerative medicine.
关于内胚层分化的研究推动了再生医学的进步。
The endoderm's ability to form diverse cell types is a fundamental aspect of its developmental potential.
内胚层形成多样细胞类型的能力是其发育潜能的基础。
Comparative studies between endoderm and mesoderm help scientists understand the evolution of organ systems.
内胚层与中胚层的比较研究有助于科学家理解器官系统进化的历程。